ẖdb

See also: HDB and ḥdb

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈçaːtʼab/ → /ˈçaːtʼab/ → /ˈçaːtʼəb/ → /ˈçoːtʼəβ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈçaːtʼab/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈçaːtʼab/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈçaːtʼəb/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈçoːtʼəβ/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /çɛdɛb/
  • Conventional anglicization: khedeb

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to kill (a person or animal) [since Middle Kingdom literature]
2. (intransitive) to kill generally in battle (+ m: among (enemies)) [since Middle Kingdom literature]

Inflection

Conjugation of ẖdb (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ẖdb, geminated stem: ẖdbb

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural ẖdb ẖdbw, ẖdb ẖdbt ẖdb ẖdb ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 ẖdb ḥr ẖdb m ẖdb r ẖdb suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect ẖdb.n ẖdbw, ẖdb consecutive ẖdb.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative ẖdbt perfective3 ẖdb active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 ẖdb.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective ẖdb active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 ẖdb ẖdbb potentialis1 ẖdb.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive ẖdb active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect ẖdb.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective ẖdb active + .tj1, .tw2 ẖdb ẖdb, ẖdbw5, ẖdby5 imperfective ẖdb, ẖdby, ẖdbw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 ẖdb, ẖdbj6, ẖdby6 ẖdb, ẖdbw5 prospective ẖdb, ẖdbtj7 — ẖdbtj4, ẖdbt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ẖdb  

ẖdb

Descendants

• Demotic: ẖtb
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ (xōtbe)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ϧⲱⲧⲉⲃ (xōteb)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲱⲧⲉⲃ (hōteb)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲱⲧⲃ (hōtb), ϩⲱⲧⲉⲃ (hōteb)
  • Lycopolitan Coptic: ϩⲱⲧⲃ (hōtb), ϩⲱⲧⲃⲉ (hōtbe)

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1929) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 3, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 403.3–403.13
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 205