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3-lit.
( transitive ) to kill (a person or animal) [since Middle Kingdom literature]
( intransitive ) to kill generally in battle (+ m : among (enemies )) [since Middle Kingdom literature]
Conjugation of ẖdb (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ẖdb , geminated stem: ẖdbb
infinitival forms
imperative
infinitive
negatival complement
complementary infinitive1
singular
plural
ẖdb
ẖdbw , ẖdb
ẖdbt
ẖdb
ẖdb
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem
periphrastic imperfective 2
periphrastic prospective 2
ẖdb
ḥr ẖdb
m ẖdb
r ẖdb
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood
active
passive
contingent
aspect / mood
active
passive
perfect
ẖdb.n
ẖdbw , ẖdb
consecutive
ẖdb.jn
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
terminative
ẖdbt
perfective 3
ẖdb
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
obligative1
ẖdb.ḫr
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
imperfective
ẖdb
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
prospective 3
ẖdb
ẖdbb
potentialis1
ẖdb.kꜣ
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
subjunctive
ẖdb
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
participles
active
passive
active
passive
perfect
ẖdb.n
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
—
—
perfective
ẖdb
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
ẖdb
ẖdb , ẖdbw 5 , ẖdby 5
imperfective
ẖdb , ẖdby , ẖdbw 5
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
ẖdb , ẖdbj 6 , ẖdby 6
ẖdb , ẖdbw 5
prospective
ẖdb , ẖdbtj 7
—
ẖdbtj 4 , ẖdbt 4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f /.fj , feminine .s /.sj , dual .sn /.snj , plural .sn .
Only in the masculine singular.
Only in the masculine.
Only in the feminine.
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ẖdb
Demotic: ẖtb
Akhmimic Coptic: ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ ( xōtbe )
Bohairic Coptic: ϧⲱⲧⲉⲃ ( xōteb )
Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲱⲧⲉⲃ ( hōteb )
Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲱⲧⲃ ( hōtb ) , ϩⲱⲧⲉⲃ ( hōteb )
Lycopolitan Coptic: ϩⲱⲧⲃ ( hōtb ) , ϩⲱⲧⲃⲉ ( hōtbe )
Erman, Adolf , Grapow, Hermann (1929 ) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache [1] , volume 3, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN , pages 403.3–403.13
Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962 ) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian , Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN , page 205