ẖdb

See also: HDB and ḥdb

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈçaːtʼab/ → /ˈçaːtʼab/ → /ˈçaːtʼəb/ → /ˈçoːtʼəβ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈçaːtʼab/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈçaːtʼab/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈçaːtʼəb/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈçoːtʼəβ/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /çɛdɛb/
  • Conventional anglicization: khedeb

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to kill (a person or animal) [since Middle Kingdom literature]
2. (intransitive) to kill generally in battle (+ m: among (enemies)) [since Middle Kingdom literature]

Inflection

Conjugation of ẖdb (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ẖdb, geminated stem: ẖdbb

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
ẖdb	ẖdbw, ẖdb	ẖdbt	ẖdb	ẖdb

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
ẖdb	ḥr ẖdb	m ẖdb	r ẖdb

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	ẖdb.n	ẖdbw, ẖdb	consecutive	ẖdb.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	ẖdbt
perfective3	ẖdb	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	ẖdb.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	ẖdb	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	ẖdb	ẖdbb	potentialis1	ẖdb.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	ẖdb	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	ẖdb.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	ẖdb	active + .tj1, .tw2	ẖdb	ẖdb, ẖdbw5, ẖdby5
imperfective	ẖdb, ẖdby, ẖdbw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	ẖdb, ẖdbj6, ẖdby6	ẖdb, ẖdbw5
prospective	ẖdb, ẖdbtj7	—	ẖdbtj4, ẖdbt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ẖdb  

ẖdb

Descendants

• Demotic: ẖtb
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ (xōtbe)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ϧⲱⲧⲉⲃ (xōteb)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲱⲧⲉⲃ (hōteb)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲱⲧⲃ (hōtb), ϩⲱⲧⲉⲃ (hōteb)
  • Lycopolitan Coptic: ϩⲱⲧⲃ (hōtb), ϩⲱⲧⲃⲉ (hōtbe)

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1929) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 3, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 403.3–403.13
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 205