ṯꜣw

See also: tꜣw

Egyptian

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈcuʀwuw/ → /ˈtuʀwuw/ → /ˈtuːwə/ → /teːw/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈcuʀwuw/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈtuʀwuw/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈtuːwə/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /teːw/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /t͡ʃɑuː/
  • Conventional anglicization: tjau

Noun

 m

1. a wind
   • c. 1950 BCE, outer coffin of Amenemhat (Cairo 28092, B10C^c), Coffin Texts Spell 62, I269e–I269i:

     jwt n.k qbḥw m ḫꜣw wꜣḥ.n ḥr wꜣt.k qmꜣ n.k ꜥmꜥꜣt.k r.s ḫꜣ pw ḫr ḥr [ḫ]rw ṯꜣw.s

     Waterfowl will come to you in thousands and settle on your path. When you throw your throwstick at them, there’ll be a thousand fallen at the sound of its wind.

2. a breath (an exhalation of air)

Inflection

Declension of ṯꜣw (masculine)

singular	ṯꜣw
dual	ṯꜣwwj
plural	ṯꜣww

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ṯꜣw  

ṯꜣw	ṯꜣw

Derived terms

• p.f-ṯꜣw-ꜥwj-bꜣstt

Descendants

• Akhmimic Coptic: ⲧⲏⲟⲩ (tēou)
• Bohairic Coptic: ⲑⲏⲟⲩ (thēou)
• Fayyumic Coptic: ⲧⲏⲟⲩ (tēou)
• Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲧⲏⲩ (tēu)
• Old Coptic: ⲧⲏⲟⲩ (tēou)
• Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲏⲩ (tēu), ⲧⲏⲟⲩ (tēou)

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈciʀwit/ → /ˈt͡ʃiʀwiʔ/ → /ˈt͡ʃiːwa/ → /ˈt͡ʃiːwə/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈciʀwit/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈt͡ʃiʀwiʔ/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈt͡ʃiːwa/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈt͡ʃiːwə/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /t͡ʃɑuː/
  • Conventional anglicization: tjau

Verb

 3ae inf.

1. (transitive) to steal [since the Middle Kingdom]
2. (transitive) to rob (a person) of [since the Middle Kingdom]
3. (transitive) to burgle away (from a house) [since the Middle Kingdom]

Inflection

Conjugation of ṯꜣw (third weak / 3ae inf. / III. inf.) — base stem: ṯꜣ(w), geminated stem: ṯꜣꜣ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
ṯꜣ(w)t, ṯꜣ(w)j	ṯꜣ(w)w, ṯꜣ(w)	ṯꜣ(w)t, ṯꜣ(w)wt, ṯꜣ(w)yt	ṯꜣ(w)	ṯꜣ(w), ṯꜣ(w)y

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
ṯꜣ(w)8, ṯꜣꜣ8	ḥr ṯꜣ(w)t, ḥr ṯꜣ(w)j	m ṯꜣ(w)t, m ṯꜣ(w)j	r ṯꜣ(w)t, r ṯꜣ(w)j

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	ṯꜣ(w).n	ṯꜣ(w)w, ṯꜣ(w), ṯꜣ(w)y	consecutive	ṯꜣ(w).jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	ṯꜣ(w)t, ṯꜣ(w)yt
perfective3	ṯꜣ(w)	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	ṯꜣ(w).ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	ṯꜣ(w), ṯꜣ(w)y	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	ṯꜣ(w)w, ṯꜣ(w), ṯꜣ(w)y	ṯꜣ(w)w, ṯꜣ(w), ṯꜣ(w)y	potentialis1	ṯꜣ(w).kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	ṯꜣ(w), ṯꜣ(w)y	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	ṯꜣ(w).n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	ṯꜣ(w)w1, ṯꜣ(w)y, ṯꜣ(w)	active + .tj1, .tw2	ṯꜣ(w)	ṯꜣ(w)y, ṯꜣ(w)
imperfective	ṯꜣꜣ, ṯꜣꜣy, ṯꜣꜣw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	ṯꜣꜣ, ṯꜣꜣj6, ṯꜣꜣy6	ṯꜣꜣ, ṯꜣꜣw5
prospective	ṯꜣ(w)w1, ṯꜣ(w)y, ṯꜣ(w), ṯꜣ(w)tj7	—	ṯꜣ(w)wtj1 4, ṯꜣ(w)tj4, ṯꜣ(w)t4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine. Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ṯꜣw  

ṯꜣw	ṯꜣw
[Middle Kingdom]	[Middle Kingdom]

Derived terms

• ṯꜣwt

 

Descendants

• Demotic: ḏwj
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ϫⲓⲟⲩⲉ (čioue)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ϭⲓⲟⲩⲓ (cioui)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ϫⲓⲟⲩⲓ (čioui)
  • Lycopolitan Coptic: ϫⲓⲟⲩⲉ (čioue)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ϫⲓⲟⲩⲉ (čioue)

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926–1961) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 121, 214, 255.