हुनु

See also: हनु, हानि, होना, and होने

Nepali

Etymology

Inherited from Khasa Prakrit [Term?] (compare Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀪𑁄𑀤𑀺 (bhodi)), from Sanskrit भवति (bhavati, “to happen, to become”). Cognate with Gujarati હોવું (hovũ), Hindi होना (honā), Marathi होणे (hoṇe), Punjabi ਹੋਣਾ (hoṇā).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɦunu]
• Phonetic Devanagari: हुनु

Verb

हुनु • (hunu)

1. to be

Usage notes

This verb has two sets of forms. The हो (ho) set is used in sentences that equate two things, like त्यो किताब हो (tyo kitāb ho, “That is a book.”) The छ (cha) set is used in sentences that describe something, or locate where something is, like त्यो ठूलो छ (tyo ṭhūlo cha, “That is big.”)

Conjugation

Present-tense forms of हुनु [ɦunu, “to be”]

Pronoun		हो [ɦo, “define/identify”]		छ [t͡sʰʌ, “describe/qualify”]
		Positive	Negative	Positive	Negative
1st	म [mʌ]	हुँ [ɦũ]	होइन [ɦoinʌ]	छुँ [t͡sʰũ]	छैन [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌ]
2nd resp.	तपाईं [t̪ʌpäĩ]	हुनुहुन्छ [ɦunuɦunt͡sʰʌ]	हुनुहुन्न [ɦunuɦunnʌ]	हुनुहुन्छ [ɦunuɦunt͡sʰʌ]	हुनुहुन्न [ɦunuɦunnʌ]
2nd intim.	तिमी [t̪imi]	हौ [ɦʌu̯]	होइनौ [ɦoinʌu̯]	छौ [t͡sʰʌu̯]	छैनौ [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌu̯]
3rd low-resp.	यो [jo] / त्यो [t̪jo]	हो [ɦo]	होइन [ɦoinʌ]	छ [t͡sʰʌ]	छैन [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌ]
3rd high-resp.	वहाँ [wä̤ː]	हुनुहुन्छ [ɦunuɦunt͡sʰʌ]	हुनुहुन्न [ɦunuɦunnʌ]	हुनुहुन्छ [ɦunuɦunt͡sʰʌ]	हुनुहुन्न [ɦunuɦunnʌ]

Conjugation of हुनु [ɦunu]

Information
Primary stem			हु- [ɦu-]
Secondary stem			हो- [ɦo-]
Conjugation type			3rd conjugation: vowel-ending stem, irregular.
Derivatives
I-stem (Passive)			भइनु [bʱʌinu]
Non-finite forms
Infinitives			हुनु [ɦunu] हुन [ɦunʌ]
Participles			Affirmative (+)	Negative (–)
	Conjunctive		भएर [bʱʌeɾʌ] भई [bʱʌi] भईकन [bʱʌikʌnʌ]	नभएर [nʌbʱʌeɾʌ] नभई [nʌbʱʌi] नभईकन [nʌbʱʌikʌnʌ]
	1st Perfect	m. sing.	भएको [bʱʌeko]	नभएको [nʌbʱʌeko]
		f. sing.	भएकी [bʱʌeki]	नभएकी [nʌbʱʌeki]
		pl.	भएका [bʱʌekä]	नभएका [nʌbʱʌekä]
		high-resp.	हुनुभएको [ɦunubʱʌeko]	नहुनुभएको [nʌɦunubʱʌeko]
	2nd Perfect	normal	भए [bʱʌe]	नभए [nʌbʱʌe]
		high-resp.	हुनुभए [ɦunubʱʌe]	नहुनुभए [nʌɦunubʱʌe]
	Imperfect	normal	हुदा [ɦud̪ä] हुदै [ɦud̪ʌi̯] हुदो [ɦud̪o]	नहुदा [nʌɦud̪ä] नहुदै [nʌɦud̪ʌi̯] नहुदो [nʌɦud̪o]
		high-resp.	हुनुहुँदा [ɦunuɦũd̪ä] हुनुहुँदै [ɦunuɦũd̪ʌi̯] हुनुहुँदो [ɦunuɦũd̪o]	नहुनुहुँदा [nʌɦunuɦũd̪ä] नहुनुहुँदै [nʌɦunuɦũd̪ʌi̯] नहुनुहुँदो [nʌɦunuɦũd̪o]
	Infinitival	normal	हुने [ɦune]	नहुने [nʌɦune]
		high-resp.	हुनुहुने [ɦunuɦune]	नहुनुहुने [nʌɦunuɦune]
	Absolutive		भइ [bʱʌi]

Conjugation of हुनु [ɦunu]

* Yellow background indicates irregularity.

Finite forms of
Person			1st				2nd				3rd				2nd & 3rd
Pronoun			म SING.		हामी PL.		तँ LOW-RESP. SING.		तिमी MID-RESP.		ऊ LOW-RESP. SING.		उनी MID-RESP.		तपाईं/उहाँ HIGH-RESP.
			m	f	m	f	m	f	m	f	m	f	m	f
Present		+	हुन्छु [ɦunt͡sʰu]		हुन्छौँ [ɦunt͡sʰʌ̃ũ̯]		हुन्छस् [ɦunt͡sʰʌs]	हुन्छेस् [ɦunt͡sʰes]	हुन्छौ [ɦunt͡sʰʌu̯]	हुन्छ्यौ [ɦunt͡sʰeu̯]	हुन्छ [ɦunt͡sʰʌ]	हुन्छे [ɦunt͡sʰe]	हुन्छन् [ɦunt͡sʰʌn]	हुन्छिन् [ɦunt͡sʰin]	हुनुहुन्छ [ɦunuɦunt͡sʰʌ]
		–	हुँदिनँ [ɦũd̪inʌ̃]		हुँदैनौँ [ɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌ̃ũ̯]		हुँदैनस [ɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌs]	हुँदिनेस् [ɦũd̪ines]	हुँदैनौ [ɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌu̯]	हुँदिनौ [ɦũd̪inʌu̯]	हुँदैन [ɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌ]	हुँदिने [ɦũd̪ine]	हुँदैनन् [ɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌn]	हुँदिनन् [ɦũd̪inʌn]	हुनुहुँदैन [ɦunuɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌ]
			हुन्नँ [ɦunnʌ̃]		हुन्नौँ [ɦunnʌ̃ũ̯]		हुन्नस् [ɦunnʌs]	हुन्नेस् [ɦunnes]	हुन्नौ [ɦunnʌu̯]	हुन्न्यौ [ɦunneu̯]	हुन्न [ɦunnʌ]	हुन्ने [ɦunne]	हुन्नन् [ɦunnʌn]	हुन्निन [ɦunninʌ]	हुनुहुन्न [ɦunuɦunnʌ]
Past	Simple	+	भएँ [bʱʌẽ]		भयौँ [bʱʌẽũ̯]		भइस् [bʱʌis]		भयौ [bʱʌeu̯]		भयो [bʱʌjo]	भई [bʱʌi]	भए [bʱʌe]	भइन् [bʱʌin]	हुनुभयो [ɦunubʱʌjo]
		–	भइनँ [bʱʌinʌ̃]		भएनौँ [bʱʌenʌ̃ũ̯]		भएनस् [bʱʌenʌs]	भइनेस [bʱʌines]	भएनौ [bʱʌenʌu̯]		भएन [bʱʌenʌ]	भइने [bʱʌine]	भएनन् [bʱʌenʌn]	भइनन् [bʱʌinʌn]	हुनुभएन [ɦunubʱʌenʌ]
	Habitual	+	हुन्थेँ [ɦun̪t̪ʰẽ]		हुन्थ्यौँ [ɦun̪t̪ʰẽũ̯]		हुन्थिस् [ɦun̪t̪ʰis]		हुन्थ्यौ [ɦun̪t̪ʰeu̯]		हुन्थ्यो [ɦun̪t̪ʰjo]	हुन्थी [ɦun̪t̪ʰi]	हुन्थे [ɦun̪t̪ʰe]	हुन्थिन् [ɦun̪t̪ʰin]	हुनुहुन्थो [ɦunuɦun̪t̪ʰo]
		–	हुँदिनथेँ [ɦũd̪inʌt̪ʰẽ]		हुँदैनथ्यौँ [ɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰẽũ̯]		हुँदैनथिस् [ɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰis]	हुँदिनथिस् [ɦũd̪inʌt̪ʰis]	हुँदैनथ्यौ [ɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰeu̯]	हुँदिनथ्यौ [ɦũd̪inʌt̪ʰeu̯]	हुँदैनथ्यो [ɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰjo]	हुँदैनथी [ɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰi]	हुँदैनथे [ɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰe]	हुँदिनथिन् [ɦũd̪inʌt̪ʰin]	हुनुहुँदैनथ्यो [ɦunuɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰjo]
		–	हुन्नथेँ [ɦunnʌt̪ʰẽ]		हुन्नथ्यौँ [ɦunnʌt̪ʰẽũ̯]		हुन्नथिस् [ɦunnʌt̪ʰis]		हुन्नथ्यौ [ɦunnʌt̪ʰeu̯]		हुन्नथ्यो [ɦunnʌt̪ʰjo]	हुन्नथी [ɦunnʌt̪ʰi]	हुन्नथे [ɦunnʌt̪ʰe]	हुन्नथिन् [ɦunnʌt̪ʰin]	हुनुहुन्नथ्यो [ɦunuɦunnʌt̪ʰjo]
	Unknown	+	भएछु [bʱʌet͡sʰu]	भइछु [bʱʌit͡sʰu]	भएछौँ [bʱʌet͡sʰʌ̃ũ̯]		भएछस् [bʱʌet͡sʰʌs]	भइछेस् [bʱʌit͡sʰes]	भएछौ [bʱʌet͡sʰʌu̯]		भएछ [bʱʌet͡sʰʌ]	भइछे [bʱʌit͡sʰe]	भएछन् [bʱʌet͡sʰʌn]	भइछिन् [bʱʌit͡sʰin]	हुनुभएछ [ɦunubʱʌet͡sʰʌ]
		–	भएनछु [bʱʌenʌt͡sʰu]	भइनछु [bʱʌinʌt͡sʰu]	भएनछौँ [bʱʌenʌt͡sʰʌ̃ũ̯]		भएनछस् [bʱʌenʌt͡sʰʌs]	भइनछेस् [bʱʌinʌt͡sʰes]	भएनछौ [bʱʌenʌt͡sʰʌu̯]		भएनछ [bʱʌenʌt͡sʰʌ]	भइनछे [bʱʌinʌt͡sʰe]	भएनछन् [bʱʌenʌt͡sʰʌn]	भइनछिन् [bʱʌinʌt͡sʰin]	हुनुभएनछ [ɦunubʱʌenʌt͡sʰʌ]
Future	Definite	+	हुनेछु [ɦunet͡sʰu]		हुनेछौँ [ɦunet͡sʰʌ̃ũ̯]		हुनेछस् [ɦunet͡sʰʌs]	हुनेछेस् [ɦunet͡sʰes]	हुनेछौ [ɦunet͡sʰʌu̯]	हुनेछ्यौ [ɦunet͡sʰeu̯]	हुनेछ [ɦunet͡sʰʌ]	हुनेछे [ɦunet͡sʰe]	हुनेछन् [ɦunet͡sʰʌn]	हुनेछिन् [ɦunet͡sʰin]	हुनुहुनेछ [ɦunuɦunet͡sʰʌ]
		–	हुनेछैनँ [ɦunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌ̃]		हुनेछैनौँ [ɦunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌ̃ũ̯]		हुनेछैनस् [ɦunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌs]	हुनेछैनेस् [ɦunet͡sʰʌi̯nes]	हुनेछैनौ [ɦunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌu̯]		हुनेछैन [ɦunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌ]		हुनेछैनन् [ɦunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌn]		हुनुहुनेछैन [ɦunuɦunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌ]
	Indefinite	+	हुउँला [ɦuũlä]	हुउँली [ɦuũli]	होऔँला [ɦoʌ̃ũ̯lä]		होलास् [ɦoläs]	होलिस् [ɦolis]	होऔला [ɦoʌu̯lä], होलाउ [ɦoläu]	होऔली [ɦoʌu̯li], होलेउ [ɦoleu]	होला [ɦolä]	होली [ɦoli]	होलान् [ɦolän], होनन् [ɦonʌn]	होलिन् [ɦolin], होनिन् [ɦonin]	हुनुहोला [ɦunuɦolä]
		–	होओइनँ [ɦooinʌ̃]		होओइनौँ [ɦooinʌ̃ũ̯]		होओइनस् [ɦooinʌs]		होओइनौ [ɦooinʌu̯]		होओइन [ɦooinʌ]		होओइनन् [ɦooinʌn]		हुनुहोओइन [ɦunuɦooinʌ]
			नहुउँला [nʌɦuũlä]	नहुउँली [nʌɦuũli]	नहोऔँला [nʌɦoʌ̃ũ̯lä]		नहोलास् [nʌɦoläs]	नहोलिस् [nʌɦolis]	नहोऔला [nʌɦoʌu̯lä], नहोलाउ [nʌɦoläu]	नहोऔली [nʌɦoʌu̯li], नहोलेउ [nʌɦoleu]	नहोला [nʌɦolä]	नहोली [nʌɦoli]	नहोलान् [nʌɦolän], नहोनन् [nʌɦonʌn]	नहोलिन् [nʌɦolin], नहोनिन् [nʌɦonin]	नहुनुहोला [nʌɦunuɦolä]
Injunctive		+	हुऊँ [ɦuũ], होऊँ [ɦoũ]		होऔँ [ɦoʌ̃ũ̯], होऊँ [ɦoũ]		भइ [bʱʌi], भएस् [bʱʌes]		भऊ [bʱʌu], भओ [bʱʌo], भए [bʱʌe]		होओस् [ɦoos]		होऊन् [ɦoun]		हुनुहोओस् [ɦunuɦoos]
		–	नहुऊँ [nʌɦuũ], नहोऊँ [nʌɦoũ]		नहोऔँ [nʌɦoʌ̃ũ̯], नहोऊँ [nʌɦoũ]		नभइ [nʌbʱʌi], नभएस् [nʌbʱʌes]		नभऊ [nʌbʱʌu], नभओ [nʌbʱʌo], नभए [nʌbʱʌe]		नहोओस् [nʌɦoos]		नहोऊन् [nʌɦoun]		नहुनुहोओस् [nʌɦunuɦoos]
Imperative		+	—		—		भइ [bʱʌi]		भऊ [bʱʌu], भओ [bʱʌo]		—		—		हुनुहोस् [ɦunuɦos], हुनोस् [ɦunos]
		–	—		—		नभइ [nʌbʱʌi]		नभऊ [nʌbʱʌu], नभओ [nʌbʱʌo]		—		—		नहुनुहोस् [nʌɦunuɦos], नहुनोस् [nʌɦunos]

Conjugation of छ [t͡sʰʌ]

Information
Primary stem			छ- [t͡sʰʌ-]
Secondary stem			∅
Conjugation type			3rd conjugation: vowel-ending stem, irregular.
Derivatives
I-stem (Passive)			भइनु [bʱʌinu]
Non-finite forms
Infinitives			∅
Participles			Affirmative (+)	Negative (–)
	Conjunctive		भएर [bʱʌeɾʌ] भई [bʱʌi] भईकन [bʱʌikʌnʌ]	नभएर [nʌbʱʌeɾʌ] नभई [nʌbʱʌi] नभईकन [nʌbʱʌikʌnʌ]
	1st Perfect	m. sing.	भएको [bʱʌeko]	नभएको [nʌbʱʌeko]
		f. sing.	भएकी [bʱʌeki]	नभएकी [nʌbʱʌeki]
		pl.	भएका [bʱʌekä]	नभएका [nʌbʱʌekä]
		high-resp.	∅	∅
	2nd Perfect	normal	भए [bʱʌe]	नभए [nʌbʱʌe]
		high-resp.	∅	∅
	Imperfect	normal	छदा [t͡sʰʌd̪ä] छदै [t͡sʰʌd̪ʌi̯] छदो [t͡sʰʌd̪o]	नछदा [nʌt͡sʰʌd̪ä] नछदै [nʌt͡sʰʌd̪ʌi̯] नछदो [nʌt͡sʰʌd̪o]
		high-resp.	∅	∅
	Infinitival	normal	∅	∅
		high-resp.	∅	∅
	Absolutive		भइ [bʱʌi]

Conjugation of छ [t͡sʰʌ]

* Yellow background indicates irregularity.

Finite forms of
Person			1st				2nd				3rd				2nd & 3rd
Pronoun			म SING.		हामी PL.		तँ LOW-RESP. SING.		तिमी MID-RESP.		ऊ LOW-RESP. SING.		उनी MID-RESP.		तपाईं/उहाँ HIGH-RESP.
			m	f	m	f	m	f	m	f	m	f	m	f
Present		+	छु [t͡sʰu]		छौँ [t͡sʰʌ̃ũ̯]		छस् [t͡sʰʌs]	छेस् [t͡sʰes]	छौ [t͡sʰʌu̯]	छ्यौ [t͡sʰeu̯]	छ [t͡sʰʌ]	छे [t͡sʰe]	छन् [t͡sʰʌn]	छिन् [t͡sʰin]	हुनुहुन्छ [ɦunuɦunt͡sʰʌ]
		–	छँदिनँ [t͡sʰʌ̃d̪inʌ̃]		छँदैनौँ [t͡sʰʌ̃d̪ʌi̯nʌ̃ũ̯]		छँदैनस [t͡sʰʌ̃d̪ʌi̯nʌs]	छँदिनेस् [t͡sʰʌ̃d̪ines]	छँदैनौ [t͡sʰʌ̃d̪ʌi̯nʌu̯]	छँदिनौ [t͡sʰʌ̃d̪inʌu̯]	छँदैन [t͡sʰʌ̃d̪ʌi̯nʌ]	छँदिने [t͡sʰʌ̃d̪ine]	छँदैनन् [t͡sʰʌ̃d̪ʌi̯nʌn]	छँदिनन् [t͡sʰʌ̃d̪inʌn]	छनुहुँदैन [t͡sʰʌnuɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌ]
			छैनँ [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌ̃]		छैनौँ [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌ̃ũ̯]		छैनस [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌs]	छैनेस् [t͡sʰʌi̯nes]	छैनौ [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌu̯]	छैनौ [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌu̯]	छैन [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌ]	छैने [t͡sʰʌi̯ne]	छैनन् [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌn]	छैनन् [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌn]	हुनुहुन्न [ɦunuɦunnʌ]
Past	Simple	+	थिएँ [t̪ʰiẽ]		थियौँ [t̪ʰiẽũ̯]		थिइस् [t̪ʰiis]		थियौ [t̪ʰieu̯]		थियो [t̪ʰijo]	थिई [t̪ʰii]	थिए [t̪ʰie]	थिइन् [t̪ʰiin]	छनुभयो [t͡sʰʌnubʱʌjo]
		–	थिइनँ [t̪ʰiinʌ̃]		थिएनौँ [t̪ʰienʌ̃ũ̯]		थिएनस् [t̪ʰienʌs]	थिइनेस [t̪ʰiines]	थिएनौ [t̪ʰienʌu̯]		थिएन [t̪ʰienʌ]	थिइने [t̪ʰiine]	थिएनन् [t̪ʰienʌn]	थिइनन् [t̪ʰiinʌn]	छनुभएन [t͡sʰʌnubʱʌenʌ]
	Habitual	+	थेँ [t̪ʰẽ]		थ्यौँ [t̪ʰẽũ̯]		थिस् [t̪ʰis]		थ्यौ [t̪ʰeu̯]		थ्यो [t̪ʰjo]	थी [t̪ʰi]	थे [t̪ʰe]	थिन् [t̪ʰin]	छनुथो [t͡sʰʌnut̪ʰo]
		–	छैनथेँ [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌt̪ʰẽ]		छैनथ्यौँ [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌt̪ʰẽũ̯]		छैनथिस् [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌt̪ʰis]	छैनथिस् [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌt̪ʰis]	छैनथ्यौ [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌt̪ʰeu̯]	छैनथ्यौ [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌt̪ʰeu̯]	छैनथ्यो [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌt̪ʰjo]	छैनथी [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌt̪ʰi]	छैनथे [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌt̪ʰe]	छैनथिन् [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌt̪ʰin]	छनुहुनथ्यो [t͡sʰʌnuɦunʌt̪ʰjo]
			थिइनँ [t̪ʰiinʌ̃]		थिएनौँ [t̪ʰienʌ̃ũ̯]		थिएनस् [t̪ʰienʌs]	थिइनेस [t̪ʰiines]	थिएनौ [t̪ʰienʌu̯]		थिएन [t̪ʰienʌ]	थिइने [t̪ʰiine]	थिएनन् [t̪ʰienʌn]	थिइनन् [t̪ʰiinʌn]	छनुभएन [t͡sʰʌnubʱʌenʌ]
	Unknown	+	थिएछु [t̪ʰiet͡sʰu]	थिइछु [t̪ʰiit͡sʰu]	थिएछौँ [t̪ʰiet͡sʰʌ̃ũ̯]		थिएछस् [t̪ʰiet͡sʰʌs]	थिइछेस् [t̪ʰiit͡sʰes]	थिएछौ [t̪ʰiet͡sʰʌu̯]		थिएछ [t̪ʰiet͡sʰʌ]	थिइछे [t̪ʰiit͡sʰe]	थिए [t̪ʰie]	थिइछिन् [t̪ʰiit͡sʰin]	छनुभएछ [t͡sʰʌnubʱʌet͡sʰʌ]
		–	थिएनछु [t̪ʰienʌt͡sʰu]	थिइनछु [t̪ʰiinʌt͡sʰu]	थिएनछौँ [t̪ʰienʌt͡sʰʌ̃ũ̯]		थिएनछस् [t̪ʰienʌt͡sʰʌs]	थिइनछेस् [t̪ʰiinʌt͡sʰes]	थिएनछौ [t̪ʰienʌt͡sʰʌu̯]		थिएनछ [t̪ʰienʌt͡sʰʌ]	थिइनछे [t̪ʰiinʌt͡sʰe]	थिएन [t̪ʰienʌ]	थिइनछिन् [t̪ʰiinʌt͡sʰin]	छनुभएनछ [t͡sʰʌnubʱʌenʌt͡sʰʌ]