जार

Hindi

Etymology

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀚𑀸𑀭 (jāra), from Sanskrit जार (jārá), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́aHrás, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₃-rós, from *ǵneh₃-.

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /d͡ʒɑːɾ/, [d͡ʒäːɾ]

Noun

जार • (jār) m (Urdu spelling جار)

1. a lover (adulterous)

Declension

Declension of जार (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	जार jār	जार jār
oblique	जार jār	जारों jārõ
vocative	जार jār	जारो jāro

Related terms

• जारकर्म (jārkarm, “adultery”)
• जारज (jāraj, “illegitimate son”)
• जारजता (jārajtā, “illegitimacy”)
• जारजन्मा (jārjanmā, “born of adultery”)
• जारजा (jārjā, “illegitimate daughter”)
• जारजात (jārjāt, “born of adultery”)

References

• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “jāra”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 287
• McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “जार”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• জাৰ (Assamese script)
• ᬚᬵᬭ (Balinese script)
• জার (Bengali script)
• 𑰕𑰯𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀚𑀸𑀭 (Brahmi script)
• ဇာရ (Burmese script)
• જાર (Gujarati script)
• ਜਾਰ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌜𑌾𑌰 (Grantha script)
• ꦗꦴꦫ (Javanese script)
• 𑂔𑂰𑂩 (Kaithi script)
• ಜಾರ (Kannada script)
• ជារ (Khmer script)
• ຊາຣ (Lao script)
• ജാര (Malayalam script)
• ᡯᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘕𑘰𑘨 (Modi script)
• ᠽᠠᢗᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦵𑧑𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐖𑐵𑐬 (Newa script)
• ଜାର (Odia script)
• ꢙꢵꢬ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆘𑆳𑆫 (Sharada script)
• 𑖕𑖯𑖨 (Siddham script)
• ජාර (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩣𑩛𑩼 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚑𑚭𑚤 (Takri script)
• ஜார (Tamil script)
• జార (Telugu script)
• ชาร (Thai script)
• ཛཱ་ར (Tibetan script)
• 𑒖𑒰𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨥𑨊𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /d͡ʑɑː.ɾɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /d͡ʑɑː.ɾɐ/

Etymology 1

From the root जॄ (jṝ, “to grow old”).

Adjective

जार • (jāra) stem

1. becoming old

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of जार
Nom. sg.	जारः (jāraḥ)
Gen. sg.	जारस्य (jārasya)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जारः (jāraḥ)	जारौ (jārau)	जाराः (jārāḥ)
Accusative	जारम् (jāram)	जारौ (jārau)	जारान् (jārān)
Instrumental	जारेन (jārena)	जाराभ्याम् (jārābhyām)	जारैः (jāraiḥ)
Dative	जाराय (jārāya)	जाराभ्याम् (jārābhyām)	जारेभ्यः (jārebhyaḥ)
Ablative	जारात् (jārāt)	जाराभ्याम् (jārābhyām)	जारेभ्यः (jārebhyaḥ)
Genitive	जारस्य (jārasya)	जारयोः (jārayoḥ)	जारानाम् (jārānām)
Locative	जारे (jāre)	जारयोः (jārayoḥ)	जारेषु (jāreṣu)
Vocative	जार (jāra)	जारौ (jārau)	जाराः (jārāḥ)

Feminine ā-stem declension of जार
Nom. sg.	जारा (jārā)
Gen. sg.	जारायाः (jārāyāḥ)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जारा (jārā)	जारे (jāre)	जाराः (jārāḥ)
Accusative	जाराम् (jārām)	जारे (jāre)	जाराः (jārāḥ)
Instrumental	जारया (jārayā)	जाराभ्याम् (jārābhyām)	जाराभिः (jārābhiḥ)
Dative	जारायै (jārāyai)	जाराभ्याम् (jārābhyām)	जाराभ्यः (jārābhyaḥ)
Ablative	जारायाः (jārāyāḥ)	जाराभ्याम् (jārābhyām)	जाराभ्यः (jārābhyaḥ)
Genitive	जारायाः (jārāyāḥ)	जारयोः (jārayoḥ)	जारानाम् (jārānām)
Locative	जारायाम् (jārāyām)	जारयोः (jārayoḥ)	जारासु (jārāsu)
Vocative	जारे (jāre)	जारे (jāre)	जाराः (jārāḥ)

Neuter a-stem declension of जार
Nom. sg.	जारम् (jāram)
Gen. sg.	जारस्य (jārasya)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जारम् (jāram)	जारे (jāre)	जारानि (jārāni)
Accusative	जारम् (jāram)	जारे (jāre)	जारानि (jārāni)
Instrumental	जारेन (jārena)	जाराभ्याम् (jārābhyām)	जारैः (jāraiḥ)
Dative	जाराय (jārāya)	जाराभ्याम् (jārābhyām)	जारेभ्यः (jārebhyaḥ)
Ablative	जारात् (jārāt)	जाराभ्याम् (jārābhyām)	जारेभ्यः (jārebhyaḥ)
Genitive	जारस्य (jārasya)	जारयोः (jārayoḥ)	जारानाम् (jārānām)
Locative	जारे (jāre)	जारयोः (jārayoḥ)	जारेषु (jāreṣu)
Vocative	जार (jāra)	जारे (jāre)	जारानि (jārāni)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃-ró-, from *ǵneh₃- (“to know”), with semantic development into erotic slang from "knowing (women)" > "loving (women)" > "paramour". The semantic shift from "knowing" > "liking, loving", via the same root, has parallels in other Indo-European languages, such as German Bekannter (“acquaintance, friend”) and French connaisseur (“connoisseur”).

Noun

जार • (jāra) stem, m

1. "a consumer"
2. a paramour, lover
3. a confidential friend
4. a paramour of a married woman

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of जार

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	जारः (jāraḥ)	जारौ (jārau) जारा¹ (jārā¹)	जाराः (jārāḥ) जारासः¹ (jārāsaḥ¹)
accusative	जारम् (jāram)	जारौ (jārau) जारा¹ (jārā¹)	जारान् (jārān)
instrumental	जारेण (jāreṇa)	जाराभ्याम् (jārābhyām)	जारैः (jāraiḥ) जारेभिः¹ (jārebhiḥ¹)
dative	जाराय (jārāya)	जाराभ्याम् (jārābhyām)	जारेभ्यः (jārebhyaḥ)
ablative	जारात् (jārāt)	जाराभ्याम् (jārābhyām)	जारेभ्यः (jārebhyaḥ)
genitive	जारस्य (jārasya)	जारयोः (jārayoḥ)	जाराणाम् (jārāṇām)
locative	जारे (jāre)	जारयोः (jārayoḥ)	जारेषु (jāreṣu)
vocative	जार (jāra)	जारौ (jārau) जारा¹ (jārā¹)	जाराः (jārāḥ) जारासः¹ (jārāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “जार”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 419/3.
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 588