ऋण

See also: ऋण्

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit ऋण (ṛṇá).

Pronunciation

(Delhi) IPA^(key): /ɾɪɳ/, [ɾɪ̃ɳ]

Noun

ऋण • (ŕṇ) m

(finance) debt, loss
(mathematics, dated) subtraction sign
(chemistry, in compounds) negative charge
Synonym: ऋणावेश (ŕṇāveś) (independently)

Declension

Declension of ऋण (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	ऋण ŕṇ	ऋण ŕṇ
oblique	ऋण ŕṇ	ऋणों ŕṇõ
vocative	ऋण ŕṇ	ऋणो ŕṇo

Marathi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit ऋण (ṛṇa).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɾuɳ/, [ɾuːɳ]

Adjective

ऋण • (ruṇ)

(mathematics) negative
Synonym: धन (dhan)

Noun

ऋण • (ruṇ) n

(finance) debt, loss
Synonym: कर्ज (karj̈a)

Declension

Declension of ऋण (neut cons-stem)
direct singular	ऋण ruṇ
direct plural	ऋणे, ऋणं ruṇe, ruṇa
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
nominative प्रथमा	ऋण ruṇ	ऋणे, ऋणं ruṇe, ruṇa
oblique सामान्यरूप	ऋणा ruṇā	ऋणां- ruṇān-
acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी	ऋणाला ruṇālā	ऋणांना ruṇānnā
ergative	ऋणाने, ऋणानं ruṇāne, ruṇāna	ऋणांनी ruṇānnī
instrumental	ऋणाशी ruṇāśī	ऋणांशी ruṇānśī
locative सप्तमी	ऋणात ruṇāt	ऋणांत ruṇāt
vocative संबोधन	ऋणा ruṇā	ऋणांनो ruṇānno
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.

Genitive declension of ऋण (neut cons-stem)
	masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म		feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म		neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म		oblique सामान्यरूप
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular^* एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	oblique सामान्यरूप
singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता	ऋणाचा ruṇāċā	ऋणाचे ruṇāċe	ऋणाची ruṇācī	ऋणाच्या ruṇācā	ऋणाचे, ऋणाचं ruṇāċe, ruṇāċa	ऋणाची ruṇācī	ऋणाच्या ruṇācā
plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता	ऋणांचा ruṇānċā	ऋणांचे ruṇānċe	ऋणांची ruṇāñcī	ऋणांच्या ruṇāncā	ऋणांचे, ऋणांचं ruṇānċe, ruṇānċa	ऋणांची ruṇāñcī	ऋणांच्या ruṇāñcā
^* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

Derived terms

ऋणी (ruṇī, “indebted, obliged”)

References

Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “ऋण”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

ঋণ (Assamese script)
ᬋᬡ (Balinese script)
ঋণ (Bengali script)
𑰆𑰜 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀋𑀡 (Brahmi script)
ၒဏ (Burmese script)
ઋણ (Gujarati script)
ਰਣ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌋𑌣 (Grantha script)
ꦉꦟ (Javanese script)
𑂩𑂱𑂝 (Kaithi script)
ಋಣ (Kannada script)
ឫណ (Khmer script)
ຣິຓ (Lao script)
ഋണ (Malayalam script)
ᡵᡳᢏᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘆𑘜 (Modi script)
ᠷᠢᢏᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑦦𑦼 (Nandinagari script)
𑐆𑐞 (Newa script)
ଋଣ (Odia script)
ꢈꢠ (Saurashtra script)
𑆉𑆟 (Sharada script)
𑖆𑖜 (Siddham script)
ඍණ (Sinhalese script)
𑩐𑩙𑩪 (Soyombo script)
𑚘 (Takri script)
ரிண (Tamil script)
ఋణ (Telugu script)
ฤณ (Thai script)
རྀ་ཎ (Tibetan script)
𑒇𑒝 (Tirhuta script)
𑨫𑨉𑨘 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥nás, *Harnás (“debt, guilt”).^[1] Compare Avestan 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬝𐬹𐬗𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬀 (ar^ənat̰ caēša, “punishing guilt”), Khotanese [script needed] (ārra, “fault”), and possibly Hittite [script needed] (ar-nu-, “to pay for debts, make up damage”).^[2]

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /r̩.ɳɐ́/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /r̩.ɳɐ/

Noun

ऋण • (ṛṇá) stem, n

anything due, obligation, duty, debt
the obligations of a Brahman
anything wanted or missed
a debt of money, money owed
- c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 9.47.2:
  कृ॒तानीद॑स्य॒ कर्त्वा॒ चेत॑न्ते दस्यु॒तर्ह॑णा।
  ऋ॒णा च॑ धृ॒ष्णुश्च॑यते॥
  kṛtā́nī́dasya kártvā cétante dasyutárhaṇā.
  ṛṇā́ ca dhṛṣṇúścayate.
  His task is done: his crushings of the Dasyus are made manifest:
  He sternly reckoneth their debts.
- c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata
- c. 200 BCE – 200 CE, Manusmṛti
- c. 800 BCE, Yājñavalkya
guilt
(mathematics) a negative quality, minus
water
fort, stronghold

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of ऋण
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ऋणम् (ṛṇám)	ऋणे (ṛṇé)	ऋणानि (ṛṇā́ni) ऋणा¹ (ṛṇā́¹)
vocative	ऋण (ṛ́ṇa)	ऋणे (ṛ́ṇe)	ऋणानि (ṛ́ṇāni) ऋणा¹ (ṛ́ṇā¹)
accusative	ऋणम् (ṛṇám)	ऋणे (ṛṇé)	ऋणानि (ṛṇā́ni) ऋणा¹ (ṛṇā́¹)
instrumental	ऋणेन (ṛṇéna)	ऋणाभ्याम् (ṛṇā́bhyām)	ऋणैः (ṛṇaíḥ) ऋणेभिः¹ (ṛṇébhiḥ¹)
dative	ऋणाय (ṛṇā́ya)	ऋणाभ्याम् (ṛṇā́bhyām)	ऋणेभ्यः (ṛṇébhyaḥ)
ablative	ऋणात् (ṛṇā́t)	ऋणाभ्याम् (ṛṇā́bhyām)	ऋणेभ्यः (ṛṇébhyaḥ)
genitive	ऋणस्य (ṛṇásya)	ऋणयोः (ṛṇáyoḥ)	ऋणानाम् (ṛṇā́nām)
locative	ऋणे (ṛṇé)	ऋणयोः (ṛṇáyoḥ)	ऋणेषु (ṛṇéṣu)

¹Vedic

Descendants

Gandhari: 𐨀𐨁𐨣 (ina)
→ Gujarati: ઋણ (ŕṇa)
Marathi: ऋण (ruṇ)
Pali: iṇa
→ Tamil: இரணம் (iraṇam), இருணம் (iruṇam), ரணம் (raṇam)

Adjective

ऋण • (ṛṇá)

going, flying, fugitive
guilty, having gone against or transgressed

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of ऋण
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ऋणः (ṛṇáḥ)	ऋणौ (ṛṇaú) ऋणा¹ (ṛṇā́¹)	ऋणाः (ṛṇā́ḥ) ऋणासः¹ (ṛṇā́saḥ¹)
vocative	ऋण (ṛ́ṇa)	ऋणौ (ṛ́ṇau) ऋणा¹ (ṛ́ṇā¹)	ऋणाः (ṛ́ṇāḥ) ऋणासः¹ (ṛ́ṇāsaḥ¹)
accusative	ऋणम् (ṛṇám)	ऋणौ (ṛṇaú) ऋणा¹ (ṛṇā́¹)	ऋणान् (ṛṇā́n)
instrumental	ऋणेन (ṛṇéna)	ऋणाभ्याम् (ṛṇā́bhyām)	ऋणैः (ṛṇaíḥ) ऋणेभिः¹ (ṛṇébhiḥ¹)
dative	ऋणाय (ṛṇā́ya)	ऋणाभ्याम् (ṛṇā́bhyām)	ऋणेभ्यः (ṛṇébhyaḥ)
ablative	ऋणात् (ṛṇā́t)	ऋणाभ्याम् (ṛṇā́bhyām)	ऋणेभ्यः (ṛṇébhyaḥ)
genitive	ऋणस्य (ṛṇásya)	ऋणयोः (ṛṇáyoḥ)	ऋणानाम् (ṛṇā́nām)
locative	ऋणे (ṛṇé)	ऋणयोः (ṛṇáyoḥ)	ऋणेषु (ṛṇéṣu)

¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of ऋणा
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ऋणा (ṛṇā́)	ऋणे (ṛṇé)	ऋणाः (ṛṇā́ḥ)
vocative	ऋणे (ṛ́ṇe)	ऋणे (ṛ́ṇe)	ऋणाः (ṛ́ṇāḥ)
accusative	ऋणाम् (ṛṇā́m)	ऋणे (ṛṇé)	ऋणाः (ṛṇā́ḥ)
instrumental	ऋणया (ṛṇáyā) ऋणा¹ (ṛṇā́¹)	ऋणाभ्याम् (ṛṇā́bhyām)	ऋणाभिः (ṛṇā́bhiḥ)
dative	ऋणायै (ṛṇā́yai)	ऋणाभ्याम् (ṛṇā́bhyām)	ऋणाभ्यः (ṛṇā́bhyaḥ)
ablative	ऋणायाः (ṛṇā́yāḥ) ऋणायै² (ṛṇā́yai²)	ऋणाभ्याम् (ṛṇā́bhyām)	ऋणाभ्यः (ṛṇā́bhyaḥ)
genitive	ऋणायाः (ṛṇā́yāḥ) ऋणायै² (ṛṇā́yai²)	ऋणयोः (ṛṇáyoḥ)	ऋणानाम् (ṛṇā́nām)
locative	ऋणायाम् (ṛṇā́yām)	ऋणयोः (ṛṇáyoḥ)	ऋणासु (ṛṇā́su)

¹Vedic
²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of ऋण
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ऋणम् (ṛṇám)	ऋणे (ṛṇé)	ऋणानि (ṛṇā́ni) ऋणा¹ (ṛṇā́¹)
vocative	ऋण (ṛ́ṇa)	ऋणे (ṛ́ṇe)	ऋणानि (ṛ́ṇāni) ऋणा¹ (ṛ́ṇā¹)
accusative	ऋणम् (ṛṇám)	ऋणे (ṛṇé)	ऋणानि (ṛṇā́ni) ऋणा¹ (ṛṇā́¹)
instrumental	ऋणेन (ṛṇéna)	ऋणाभ्याम् (ṛṇā́bhyām)	ऋणैः (ṛṇaíḥ) ऋणेभिः¹ (ṛṇébhiḥ¹)
dative	ऋणाय (ṛṇā́ya)	ऋणाभ्याम् (ṛṇā́bhyām)	ऋणेभ्यः (ṛṇébhyaḥ)
ablative	ऋणात् (ṛṇā́t)	ऋणाभ्याम् (ṛṇā́bhyām)	ऋणेभ्यः (ṛṇébhyaḥ)
genitive	ऋणस्य (ṛṇásya)	ऋणयोः (ṛṇáyoḥ)	ऋणानाम् (ṛṇā́nām)
locative	ऋणे (ṛṇé)	ऋणयोः (ṛṇáyoḥ)	ऋणेषु (ṛṇéṣu)

¹Vedic

References

Monier Williams (1899) “ऋण”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 225/3.

^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 425
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 254

[1] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 425

[2] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 254

[1]

[2]