گواه
Appearance
Persian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Persian gwk’dy (gugāy). From Proto-Indo-European *wi (“apart”) + *kʷeḱ- (“to see”); literally meaning “to see apart, differentiate”. Compare Old Armenian վկայ (vkay), an Iranian borrowing.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [ɡu.ˈwɑːh]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [ɡ̥o.vɒ́ːʰ]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [ɡu.vɔ́ʱ]
Readings | |
---|---|
Classical reading? | guwāh |
Dari reading? | guwāh |
Iranian reading? | govâh |
Tajik reading? | guvoh |
Noun
[edit]گواه • (govâh) (plural گواهان (govâhân) or گواهها (govâh-hâ))
- witness
- Synonym: شاهد (šâhed)
- 1705, Guru Gobind Singh, “verse 13”, in ظفرنامه [Zafarnama]:
- مرا اعتباری برین قسم نیست
که ایزد گواه است و یزدان یکیست- ma-râ e'tebâri bar in qasam nist
ke izad govâh ast o yazdan yaki-st - For me, there is no credit in this oath [of yours], that God is [your] witness and the Lord is One.
- ma-râ e'tebâri bar in qasam nist
- evidence
- c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume III, verse 2710:
- قوم گفتند ای گروه مدعی
کو گواه علم طب و نافعی- qowm goftand ey goruh-e modda'i
ku govâh-e 'elm-e tebb o nâfe'i - The people said, "O ye company of impostors, where is the evidence of [your] knowledge of medicine and [your] usefulness?"
- qowm goftand ey goruh-e modda'i
Related terms
[edit]- گواه آوردن (govâh âvardan)
- گواه گرفتن (govâh gereftan)
- گواهی (govâhi, gavâhi)
- گواهینامه (govâhi-nâme)
Descendants
[edit]- → Hindustani:
- → Kazakh: куә (kuä)
- → Punjabi:
References
[edit]- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “گواه”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul
- MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “gwk’dy”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 38
- Nourai, Ali (2011) An Etymological Dictionary of Persian, English and other Indo-European Languages, page 523