تکامل

Persian

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic تَكَامُل (takāmul).

Sense of "evolution": semantic loan from Ottoman Turkish تكامل (tekâmül), itself replaced in Turkish by the language reform.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [ta.kɑː.mul]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.kʰɑː.mʊl]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.kʰɑː.mʊl]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.kʰɑː.mʊl]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.kʰɔː.mul̥]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰæ.kʰɒː.mol̥]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.kʰɔ.mul]

Readings
Classical reading?	takāmul
Dari reading?	takāmul
Iranian reading?	takâmol
Tajik reading?	takomul

Noun

تکامل • (takâmol)

1. evolution

   Synonym: فرگشت (fargašt)

   تکامل نهنگ

   takâmol-e nahang

   evolution of the whale

2. (literary) perfectness; perfection
   • c. 1599, Bahāʾ al‐Dīn ʿĀmilī, کشکول‎^[1]:

     این که معاد تنها روحانی است. این گفته از آن فلاسفه‌ی الهی است که معتقدند انسان فقط نفسی ناطق است و بدن آلتی بیش نیست که نفس ناطق آن را به کار می‌برد و جهت تکامل جوهر خویش بکار می گیرد.

     īn ki ma'ād tanhā rūhānī ast. īn gufta az ān-i falāsifa-yi ilahī ast ki mu'taqid-and insān faqat nafsē nātiq ast u badan ālatē bēš nēst ki nafs-i nātiq ān rā ba kār mē-barad u jihat-i takāmul-i jawhar-i xwēš ba kār mē-gīrad.

     That the Resurrection is only spiritual. This saying is from the divine philosophers who believe that the human being is only a rational self, and that the body is no more than a device for the rational self to use and to apply for the sake of perfecting its own essence.

     (Classical Persian romanization)

Further reading

• Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “تکامل”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim