уга

See also: Appendix:Variations of "uga"

Kalmyk

Cyrillic	Clear Script
уга (uga)	ᡉᡎᡄᡅ(ügei)

Alternative forms

• уго (ugo)
• -го (-go)
• -га (-ga)

Etymology

Inherited from Written Oirat ᡉᡎᡄᡅ (ügei), from Proto-Mongolic *ügei Cognate with Mongolian үгүй (ügüj). Word's vowel shift from front to back ones is an irregular one.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [uˈɡa], [uˈɡʷa], [uˈɡo], [ɡʷa], [ɡʷo], [ɡa], [ɡo]

Verb

уга • (uga)

1. Negative copula, no, there is no.

   Нанд хот уга. ― Nand xot uga. ― I have no food

2. every, both, indifferently

   өдр сө уга ― ödr sö uga ― day and night, around the clock

   ик баһ уга ― ik bağ uga ― both the young and the elderly

Suffix

уга • (uga)

1. Used to negate verbs.
   1. (after past participle) Marks the past negative, wasn't

      Би юм келсн угав. ― Bi yum kelsn ugav. ― I didn't say anything.

   2. (after future participle) Marks the future negative, won't

      Чоныг сурhвчн – келш уга. ― Çonyg surhvçn – kelş uga. ― Even if you train a dog, it won't talk.

   3. (after future participle) Negates the statment, doesn't

      Synonym: биш (biş)

   4. (after habitual participle) Marks the habitual negative, usually doesn't

      Алтн шорад дардг уга. ― Altn şorad dardg uga. ― Gold doesn't get lost in the dust.

   5. (after modal converb) without doing something

      Адһл уга йовх ― Adğl uga yovx ― To go without a hurry

2. Marks rhetoricity, isn't it

   Танд ачнр-зеенр дала болхгов? ― Tand açnr-zeenr dala bolxgov? ― You have a lot of nephews, don't you?

Usage notes

The word is often written as a suffix, -го. Note that the future participle suffix -х changes to -ш in all cases except when уга marks rhetoricity. The suffix never changes its vowels according to vowel harmony of the word to which it is attached. A rare exception is the word һәәвһә (ğäävğä, “good, very”, literally “not bad”).

Noun

уга • (uga)

1. lack, absence, unexistence

Adjective

уга • (uga)

1. nonexistent, absent, missing

Derived terms

• болшго (bolşgo)
• һәәвһә (ğäävğä)
• угадх (ugadx)
• угарх (ugarx)
• угатя (ugatya)

References

• Muniev, B. D. (1977) “уга”, in Калмыцко-русский словарь [Kalmyk–Russian dictionary], Moscow: Издательство "Русский язык", page 526

Sirenik

Noun

уга (uga)

1. man

References

• G. A. Menovschikov (1964) Язык сиреникских эскимосов [The language of Sirenik Eskimos]‎^[1], Академия Наук СССР, page 199