каля
Appearance
Belarusian
[edit]Etymology
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
[edit]Preposition
[edit]каля́ • (kaljá)
Further reading
[edit]- “каля” in Belarusian–Russian dictionaries and Belarusian dictionaries at slounik.org
- “каля”, in Skarnik's Belarusian dictionary (in Belarusian), based on Kandrat Krapiva's Explanatory Dictionary of the Belarusian Language (1977-1984)
Bulgarian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kaliti.
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]каля́ • (kaljá) first-singular present indicative, pf (imperfective каля́вам)
- to temper (metal, glass, etc.), to harden
- (figurative, transitive) to toughen up, to make resilient
Conjugation
[edit] Conjugation of каля́ (conjugation 2.1, perfective, transitive)
participles | present active participle | past active aorist participle | past active imperfect participle | past passive participle | verbal noun | adverbial participle | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine | indefinite | — | кали́л kalíl |
каля́л kaljál |
кале́н kalén |
— | |
definite subject form | — | кали́лият kalílijat |
— | кале́ният kalénijat | |||
definite object form | — | кали́лия kalílija |
— | кале́ния kalénija | |||
feminine | indefinite | — | кали́ла kalíla |
каля́ла kaljála |
кале́на kaléna | ||
definite | — | кали́лата kalílata |
— | кале́ната kalénata | |||
neuter | indefinite | — | кали́ло kalílo |
каля́ло kaljálo |
кале́но kaléno |
— | |
definite | — | кали́лото kalíloto |
— | кале́ното kalénoto |
— | ||
plural | indefinite | — | кали́ли kalíli |
кале́ли kaléli |
кале́ни kaléni |
— | |
definite | — | кали́лите kalílite |
— | кале́ните kalénite |
— |
person | singular | plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
present | каля́ kaljá |
кали́ш kalíš |
кали́ kalí |
кали́м kalím |
кали́те kalíte |
каля́т kalját | |
imperfect | каля́х kaljáh |
кале́ше kaléše |
кале́ше kaléše |
каля́хме kaljáhme |
каля́хте kaljáhte |
каля́ха kaljáha | |
aorist | кали́х kalíh |
кали́ kalí |
кали́ kalí |
кали́хме kalíhme |
кали́хте kalíhte |
кали́ха kalíha | |
future | pos. | Use ще followed by the present indicative tense | |||||
neg. | Use ня́ма да followed by the present indicative tense | ||||||
future in the past | pos. | Use the imperfect indicative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
neg. | Use ня́маше да followed by the present indicative tense | ||||||
present perfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl | ||||||
past perfect | Use the imperfect indicative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl | ||||||
future perfect | Use the future indicative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl | ||||||
future perfect in the past | Use the future in the past indicative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl | ||||||
renarrative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
present and imperfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and каля́л m, каля́ла f, каля́ло n, or кале́ли pl | ||||||
aorist | Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl | ||||||
future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
neg. | Use ня́мало да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
present and past perfect | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl | ||||||
future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past renarrative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl | ||||||
dubitative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
present and imperfect | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and каля́л m, каля́ла f, каля́ло n, or кале́ли pl | ||||||
aorist | Use the aorist renarrative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl | ||||||
future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect dubitative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
neg. | Use ня́мало било́ да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
present and past perfect | none
| ||||||
future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past dubitative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl | ||||||
conclusive | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
present and imperfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм and каля́л m, каля́ла f, каля́ло n, or кале́ли pl | ||||||
aorist | Use the present indicative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl | ||||||
future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
neg. | Use ня́мало е да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
present and past perfect | Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl | ||||||
future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past conclusive tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl | ||||||
conditional | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
Use the first aorist indicative tense of бъ́да and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl | |||||||
imperative | - | ти | - | - | вие | - | |
кали́ kalí |
кале́те kaléte |
Derived terms
[edit]- закаля́ pf (zakaljá), закаля́вам impf (zakaljávam)
- накаля́ pf (nakaljá), накаля́вам impf (nakaljávam) (dialectal)
- прекаля́ pf (prekaljá), прекаля́вам impf (prekaljávam, “to overdo, to go too far”)
- разкаля́ pf (razkaljá), разкаля́вам impf (razkaljávam) (dialectal)
- каля́ч (kaljáč) (agent noun)
- кале́н (kalén, “tempered, sturdy”)
References
[edit]- “каля”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
- “каля”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010
- Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1979), “калявам, каля”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 2 (и – крепя̀), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 181
Komi-Zyrian
[edit]Etymology
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]каля • (kaľa)
Declension
[edit]Declension of каля (stem: каля-) | |||
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singular | plural | ||
nominative | каля (kaľa) | каляяс (kaľajas) | |
accusative | I* | каля (kaľa) | каляяс (kaľajas) |
II* | каляӧс (kaľaös) | каляясӧс (kaľajasös) | |
instrumental | каляӧн (kaľaön) | каляясӧн (kaľajasön) | |
comitative | калякӧд (kaľaköd) | каляяскӧд (kaľajasköd) | |
caritive | калятӧг (kaľatög) | каляястӧг (kaľajastög) | |
consecutive | каляла (kaľala) | каляясла (kaľajasla) | |
genitive | калялӧн (kaľalön) | каляяслӧн (kaľajaslön) | |
ablative | калялысь (kaľalyś) | каляяслысь (kaľajaslyś) | |
dative | калялы (kaľaly) | каляяслы (kaľajasly) | |
inessive | каляын (kaľayn) | каляясын (kaľajasyn) | |
elative | каляысь (kaľayś) | каляясысь (kaľajasyś) | |
illative | каляӧ (kaľaö) | каляясӧ (kaľajasö) | |
egressive | калясянь (kaľaśań) | каляяссянь (kaľajasśań) | |
approximative | калялань (kaľalań) | каляяслань (kaľajaslań) | |
terminative | каляӧдз (kaľaödź) | каляясӧдз (kaľajasödź) | |
prolative | I | каляӧд (kaľaöd) | каляясӧд (kaľajasöd) |
II | каляті (kaľati) | каляясті (kaľajasti) | |
*) Animate nouns almost exclusively take the type II accusative ending, whereas inanimate nouns can be used with either ending, but are more often found with type I. |
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References
[edit]- L. M. Beznosikova, E. A. Ajbabina, R. I. Kosnyreva (2000) Коми-русский словарь [Komi-Russian dictionary], →ISBN, page 254
Russian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Participle
[edit]каля́ • (kaljá)
- present adverbial imperfective participle of кали́ть (kalítʹ)
Categories:
- Belarusian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Belarusian/a
- Rhymes:Belarusian/a/2 syllables
- Belarusian terms with audio pronunciation
- Belarusian lemmas
- Belarusian prepositions
- Bulgarian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Bulgarian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Bulgarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Bulgarian terms with audio pronunciation
- Bulgarian lemmas
- Bulgarian verbs
- Bulgarian perfective verbs
- Bulgarian transitive verbs
- Bulgarian conjugation 2.1 verbs
- Komi-Zyrian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Komi-Zyrian/aʎa
- Rhymes:Komi-Zyrian/aʎa/2 syllables
- Komi-Zyrian lemmas
- Komi-Zyrian nouns
- kpv:Birds
- Russian 2-syllable words
- Russian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Russian non-lemma forms
- Russian present adverbial participles