бы

See also: Appendix:Variations of "by"

Adyghe

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [bəː]

• Audio:

  (file)

Letter

бы • (bə) (lower case, upper case Бы)

1. The second of the Adyghe Cyrillic alphabet.

Noun

бы • (bə)

1. den
2. haunt
3. nest

Declension

Declension of бы

case	singular	plural
indefinite	—	—
nominative	быр (bər)	быхэр (bəxɛr)
ergative	бым (bəm)	быхэмэ (bəxɛmɛ)
instrumental	бы(м)кӏэ (bə(m)kʼɛ)	быхэ(м)кӏэ (bəxɛ(m)kʼɛ)
invertive	быу (bəwu)	быхыу (bəxəwu)

Russian

Alternative forms

• б (b) — abbreviation, especially after vowels
• кабы́ (kabý) — colloquial

Etymology

Inherited from Old East Slavic бꙑ (by), from Proto-Slavic *by.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [bɨ]

• Audio:

  (file)

Particle

бы • (by)

1. A verbal particle used to render conditional and subjunctive mood

   Я говори́л(а). ― Ja govoríl(a). ― I spoke.

   Я бы говори́л(a). ― Ja by govoríl(a). ― I would (should) have spoken.; I would speak.; I might speak.

   • c.  1827 - 1828, Alexander Pushkin, chapter 4, in Арап Петра Великого [Arap Petra Velikovo, The Moor of Peter the Great], published 1837:

     — Сказал бы словечко, да волк недалечко, — сказал, нахмурясь, Гаврила Афанасьевич.

     — Skazal by slovečko, da volk nedalečko, — skazal, naxmurjasʹ, Gavrila Afanasʹjevič.

     “I’d add a word or two of my own, but even the walls have ears,” said Gavrila Afanasevich, frowning.

   • 1958, “Песня о тревожной молодости (Song of the Restless Youth)”, Lev Oshanin (lyrics), Aleksandra Pakhmutova (music)‎^[1]:

     Забота у нас простая,
     Забота наша такая:
     Жила бы страна родная,
     И нету других забот!

     Zabota u nas prostaja,
     Zabota naša takaja:
     Žila by strana rodnaja,
     I netu drugix zabot!

     Our concern is simple;
     our concern is this:
     That our dear country would live,
     and there are no other concerns!

Usage notes

• The particle бы is often shortened to б (b).
• The particle бы may appear in any place within a sentence except the beginning. In colloquial speech it can be heard used multiple times within the same clause, but this usage is considered erroneous.
• The particle бы is, in some expressions, omitted in colloquial settings. For example:

• словно бы → словно (бы)

Related terms

• е́сли бы то́лько (jésli by tólʹko)
• ка́к бы не (kák by ne)
• сло́вно бы (slóvno by)
• что́бы (štóby)

Descendants

• → Kildin Sami: пэ (pe)