σφυρίζω

Greek

Alternative forms

σφυράω (sfyráo)

Etymology

From Byzantine Greek σφυρίζω (sphurízō), from Ancient Greek σῡρίζω (sūrízō, “play the syrinx; make a whistling sound”), from σῦρῐγξ (sûrĭnx, “quill, flute, syrinx, windpipe”) +‎ -ίζω (-ízō, “verbal suffix”),^[1] with epenthesis of an -φ- (-f-),^[2] possibly under the influence of Hellenistic σφῠρίον (sphŭríon, “mallet”).^[3]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sfiˈri.zo/
Hyphenation: σφυ‧ρί‧ζω

Verb

σφυρίζω • (sfyrízo) (past σφύριξα, passive σφυρίζομαι)

to whistle
to hiss at
to whisper

Conjugation

σφυρίζω σφυρίζομαι

	Active voice ➤		Passive voice ➤
Indicative mood ➤	Imperfective aspect ➤	Perfective aspect ➤	Imperfective aspect	Perfective aspect
Non-past tenses ➤	Present ➤	Dependent ➤	Present	Dependent
1 sg	σφυρίζω (σφυράω →)	σφυρίξω	σφυρίζομαι	σφυριχτώ³
2 sg	σφυρίζεις	σφυρίξεις	σφυρίζεσαι	σφυριχτείς
3 sg	σφυρίζει	σφυρίξει	σφυρίζεται	σφυριχτεί

1 pl	σφυρίζουμε, [‑ομε]	σφυρίξουμε, [‑ομε]	σφυριζόμαστε	σφυριχτούμε
2 pl	σφυρίζετε	σφυρίξετε	σφυρίζεστε, σφυριζόσαστε	σφυριχτείτε
3 pl	σφυρίζουν(ε)	σφυρίξουν(ε)	σφυρίζονται	σφυριχτούν(ε)

Past tenses ➤	Imperfect ➤	Simple past ➤	Imperfect	Simple past
1 sg	σφύριζα	σφύριξα	σφυριζόμουν(α)	σφυρίχτηκα³
2 sg	σφύριζες	σφύριξες	σφυριζόσουν(α)	σφυρίχτηκες
3 sg	σφύριζε	σφύριξε	σφυριζόταν(ε)	σφυρίχτηκε

1 pl	σφυρίζαμε	σφυρίξαμε	σφυριζόμασταν, (‑όμαστε)	σφυριχτήκαμε
2 pl	σφυρίζατε	σφυρίξατε	σφυριζόσασταν, (‑όσαστε)	σφυριχτήκατε
3 pl	σφύριζαν, σφυρίζαν(ε)	σφύριξαν, σφυρίξαν(ε)	σφυρίζονταν, (σφυριζόντουσαν)	σφυρίχτηκαν, σφυριχτήκαν(ε)

Future tenses ➤	Continuous ➤	Simple ➤	Continuous	Simple
1 sg	θα σφυρίζω ➤	θα σφυρίξω ➤	θα σφυρίζομαι ➤	θα σφυριχτώ ➤
2,3 sg, 1,2,3 pl	θα σφυρίζεις, …	θα σφυρίξεις, …	θα σφυρίζεσαι, …	θα σφυριχτείς, …

	Perfect aspect ➤		Perfect aspect
Present perfect ➤	έχω, έχεις, … σφυρίξει		έχω, έχεις, … σφυριχτεί είμαι, είσαι, … σφυριγμένος, ‑η, ‑ο ➤
Past perfect ➤	είχα, είχες, … σφυρίξει		είχα, είχες, … σφυριχτεί ήμουν, ήσουν, … σφυριγμένος, ‑η, ‑ο
Future perfect ➤	θα έχω, θα έχεις, … σφυρίξει		θα έχω, θα έχεις, … σφυριχτεί θα είμαι, θα είσαι, … σφυριγμένος, ‑η, ‑ο

Subjunctive mood ➤	Formed using present, dependent (for simple past) or present perfect from above with a particle (να, ας).

Imperative mood ➤	Imperfective aspect	Perfective aspect	Imperfective aspect	Perfective aspect
2 sg	σφύριζε	σφύριξε, σφύριχ' ¹	—	σφυρίξου
2 pl	σφυρίζετε	σφυρίξτε, σφυρίχτε²	σφυρίζεστε	σφυριχτείτε

Other forms	Active voice		Passive voice
Present participle➤	σφυρίζοντας ➤		—
Perfect participle➤	έχοντας σφυρίξει ➤		σφυριγμένος, ‑η, ‑ο ➤

Nonfinite form➤	σφυρίξει		σφυριχτεί


Notes Appendix:Greek verbs	1. Colloquial apocopic perfective imperative + accusative of article & noun or weak pronouns e.g. σφύριχ' το ("whistle it!") 2. Colloquial. 3. Extremely rare alternatives with learned {-χθ-} [να σφυριχθώ, σφυρίχθηκα, ...] mentioned in some dictionaries. • (…) optional or informal. […] rare. {…} learned, archaic. • Multiple forms are shown in order of reducing frequency. • Periphrastic imperative forms may be produced using the subjunctive.

Related terms

ασφύριχτος (asfýrichtos, “not whistled (e.g. of penalty)”)
σφύριγμα n (sfýrigma, “whistling, hissing”)
σφυριξιά f (sfyrixiá, “momentary whistling”)
σφυριχτός (sfyrichtós, “whistled”)
σφυρίχτρα f (sfyríchtra, “whistle”)

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “σῦρῐγξ, -ιγγος (> DER > Denominative verbs > -ίσω)”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1423-4
^ σφυρίζω, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language
^ σφυρίζω - Babiniotis, Georgios (2002) Λεξικό της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας: […] [Dictionary of Modern Greek (language)] (in Greek), 2nd edition, Athens: Kentro Lexikologias [Lexicology Centre], 1st edition 1998, →ISBN.

[1] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “σῦρῐγξ, -ιγγος (> DER > Denominative verbs > -ίσω)”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1423-4

[2] σφυρίζω, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language

[3] σφυρίζω - Babiniotis, Georgios (2002) Λεξικό της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας: […] [Dictionary of Modern Greek (language)] (in Greek), 2nd edition, Athens: Kentro Lexikologias [Lexicology Centre], 1st edition 1998, →ISBN.

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