σκάπτω
Ancient Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]The entry by Beekes in his Etymological Dictionary of Greek reads (in paraphrase):
"The basis of this verb is either σκαπ- or σκαφ-. In the first case, the relic Latin scapulae (“shoulder blades”) has been compared, assuming that it originally meant "shovel" as a primary agent noun. In the second case, σκάπτω (skáptō) could formally correspond to a verb for "plane, scratch", in Latin scabō (“to scratch, scrape”), Proto-Germanic *skabaną (“to shave, scrape”), Lithuanian skabiù (“to scoop out with a chisel”), to which the Slavic group of Russian ско́бель (skóbelʹ, “spokeshave”) is connected, suggesting a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *skabʰ- (“to scratch”). Connection with σκήπτω (skḗptō, “to prop, stay”) and σκίπων (skípōn, “staff, crutch”) is formally and semantically unfeasible. Considering that related terms, like κάπετος (kápetos, “ditch, trench”), σκάφαλος (skáphalos, “one who draws water”) and σκαφλεύς (skaphleús), seem to be Pre-Greek, Beekes suggests that the verb could be a loan from a European substrate language."[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /skáp.tɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈskap.to/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈskap.to/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈskap.to/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈskap.to/
Verb
[edit]σκᾰ́πτω • (skáptō)
Inflection
[edit]number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ἔσκᾰπτον | ἔσκᾰπτες | ἔσκᾰπτε(ν) | ἐσκᾰ́πτετον | ἐσκᾰπτέτην | ἐσκᾰ́πτομεν | ἐσκᾰ́πτετε | ἔσκᾰπτον | ||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | ἐσκᾰπτόμην | ἐσκᾰ́πτου | ἐσκᾰ́πτετο | ἐσκᾰ́πτεσθον | ἐσκᾰπτέσθην | ἐσκᾰπτόμεθᾰ | ἐσκᾰ́πτεσθε | ἐσκᾰ́πτοντο | ||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | σκᾰ́ψω | σκᾰ́ψεις | σκᾰ́ψει | σκᾰ́ψετον | σκᾰ́ψετον | σκᾰ́ψομεν | σκᾰ́ψετε | σκᾰ́ψουσῐ(ν) | ||||
optative | σκᾰ́ψοιμῐ | σκᾰ́ψοις | σκᾰ́ψοι | σκᾰ́ψοιτον | σκᾰψοίτην | σκᾰ́ψοιμεν | σκᾰ́ψοιτε | σκᾰ́ψοιεν | |||||
middle | indicative | σκᾰ́ψομαι | σκᾰ́ψῃ, σκᾰ́ψει |
σκᾰ́ψεται | σκᾰ́ψεσθον | σκᾰ́ψεσθον | σκᾰψόμεθᾰ | σκᾰ́ψεσθε | σκᾰ́ψονται | ||||
optative | σκᾰψοίμην | σκᾰ́ψοιο | σκᾰ́ψοιτο | σκᾰ́ψοισθον | σκᾰψοίσθην | σκᾰψοίμεθᾰ | σκᾰ́ψοισθε | σκᾰ́ψοιντο | |||||
passive | indicative | σκᾰφήσομαι | σκᾰφήσῃ | σκᾰφήσεται | σκᾰφήσεσθον | σκᾰφήσεσθον | σκᾰφησόμεθᾰ | σκᾰφήσεσθε | σκᾰφήσονται | ||||
optative | σκᾰφησοίμην | σκᾰφήσοιο | σκᾰφήσοιτο | σκᾰφήσοισθον | σκᾰφησοίσθην | σκᾰφησοίμεθᾰ | σκᾰφήσοισθε | σκᾰφήσοιντο | |||||
active | middle | passive | |||||||||||
infinitive | σκᾰ́ψειν | σκᾰ́ψεσθαι | σκᾰφήσεσθαι | ||||||||||
participle | m | σκᾰ́ψων | σκᾰψόμενος | σκᾰφησόμενος | |||||||||
f | σκᾰ́ψουσᾰ | σκᾰψομένη | σκᾰφησομένη | ||||||||||
n | σκᾰ́ψον | σκᾰψόμενον | σκᾰφησόμενον | ||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Derived terms
[edit]- ἀποσκᾰ́πτω (aposkáptō)
- κᾰτᾰσκᾰ́πτω (kataskáptō)
- νεοσκαφής (neoskaphḗs)
- σκᾰ́μμᾰ (skámma)
- σκᾰπᾰ́νη (skapánē)
- σκᾰπτήρ (skaptḗr)
- σκᾰπτός (skaptós)
- σκᾰφεύς (skapheús)
- σκᾰφή (skaphḗ)
- σκᾰ́φη (skáphē)
- σκᾰφητός (skaphētós)
- σκᾰ́φος (skáphos)
- ὑποσκᾰ́πτω (huposkáptō)
Descendants
[edit]- Greek: σκάβω (skávo)
References
[edit]- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “σκάπτω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1342
Further reading
[edit]- “σκάπτω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “σκάπτω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- σκάπτω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *skabʰ-
- Ancient Greek terms derived from substrate languages
- Ancient Greek 2-syllable words
- Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ancient Greek lemmas
- Ancient Greek verbs
- Ancient Greek paroxytone terms