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2-lit.
( transitive ) to command
6th Dynasty , Giza, Western Cemetery, Shaft G 2188 Y, Block of sunk relief inscription mentioning the dog Abutiu (35-10-22/Cairo JE 67573), lines 3–6:[ 1]
wḏ ḥm.f qrs.f rḏj n.f qrst m prwj-ḥḏ (j)dmj ꜥꜣ wrt [s]nṯrHis Majesty commanded that he be buried, that he be given a burial from the two treasuries and very much fine linen and incense.
( transitive ) to decree
( transitive ) to give over , commend , entrust , or assign (someone or something) (+ n : to (some person or fate))
Conjugation of wḏ (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: wḏ , geminated stem: wḏḏ
infinitival forms
imperative
infinitive
negatival complement
complementary infinitive1
singular
plural
wḏ
wḏw , wḏ
wḏt
wḏ , j.wḏ
wḏ , j.wḏ
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem
periphrastic imperfective 2
periphrastic prospective 2
wḏ
ḥr wḏ
m wḏ
r wḏ
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood
active
passive
contingent
aspect / mood
active
passive
perfect
wḏ.n
wḏw , wḏ
consecutive
wḏ.jn
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
terminative
wḏt
perfective 3
wḏ
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
obligative1
wḏ.ḫr
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
imperfective
wḏ , j.wḏ 1
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
prospective 3
wḏ
wḏḏ
potentialis1
wḏ.kꜣ
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
subjunctive
wḏ , j.wḏ 1
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
participles
active
passive
active
passive
perfect
wḏ.n
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
—
—
perfective
wḏ
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
wḏ
wḏḏ , wḏḏj 6 , wḏ 2 , wḏw 2 5 , wḏy 2 5
imperfective
j.wḏ 1 , wḏ , wḏy , wḏw 5
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
j.wḏ 1 , j.wḏw 1 5 , wḏ , wḏj 6 , wḏy 6
wḏ , wḏw 5
prospective
wḏ , wḏtj 7
—
wḏtj 4 , wḏt 4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f /.fj , feminine .s /.sj , dual .sn /.snj , plural .sn .
Only in the masculine singular.
Only in the masculine.
Only in the feminine.
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of wḏ
m
command
decree
Declension of wḏ (masculine)
m
stela
Declension of wḏ (masculine)
Erman, Adolf , Grapow, Hermann (1926 ) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache [1] , volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN , pages 394.10–395.22
James P[eter] Allen (2010 ) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs , 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN , pages 36, 171, 231, 299, 313 .
Hoch, James (1997 ) Middle Egyptian Grammar , Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN , page 70
^ Reisner, George A. (1936) “The Dog which was Honored by the King of Upper and Lower Egypt” in Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts , volume XXXIV, number 206, pages 96–99