qumësht
Appearance
Albanian
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- klomështë, klumushtë — obsolete
- qumsht — dialectal
- kjumsht, kjumësht, kjumshtë, kumsht — northern Gheg
- qumbësht — northeastern Gheg
- klumështë, klumësht — Cham, Arbëresh, Arvanitika
- këlumësht — southern Tosk
- klumisht, klumusht, klumësh, klymësh — Arvanitika
- klëmsht, klëmësh, klëmsh, glumsht — Sicily
Etymology
[edit]Uncertain. Possibilities include:
- Borrowed from a dialectal byform of Latin colostra (“beestings”),[1][2] whence however the regularly derived kulloshtër (“beestings”).
- A derivation from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlewH- (“to clean; to slide”), whence also Latvian slàukt (“to milk”).[3]
Given the heavily pastoralist lifestyle of the ancestors of Albanian speakers, it is likely for the basic term for “milk” to be part of the pre-Roman inherited lexicon. Note, however, the borrowing of grigjë, a quite agricultural term nevertheless borrowed from Latin.
Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): /ˈcuməʃt/
- (northern Gheg) IPA(key): [ˈkjũmʃt], [ˈkũmʃt]
- (Cham, Arvanitika, Arbëresh) IPA(key): [ˈkʎum(ə)ʃt]
- (Sicily) IPA(key): [ˈkʎəm(ə)ʃ(t)]
- Rhymes: -uməʃt
Noun
[edit]qumësht m (definite qumështi)
- milk
- 1555, Gjon Buzuku, Meshari, Deuteronomy 26, page 46r, lines 26–29:
- ћi / nah ξaeh: por sih pateh baam bee per-/indet tineue: ξeneh ћi fruiton clomeste: e / mialteh:
- [qi na dhae porsi patë bām bē përindet tinëve dhenë qi frujton klomështë e mjaltë]
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 1685, Pjetër Bogdani, Cuneus Prophetarum, VT 1.4.30, page 25, lines 55–57:
- I giascti Chieλ ansctè i Jovit, e ξξonè se κȣ ȣλ ansctè 91. ma i maξ se ξeu, ansctè i ndricim, e i barξè si κiumesctè
- [I gjashti Qiell âshtë i Jovit, e thonë se ky yll âshtë 91 ma i madh se dheu, âshtë i ndriçim, e i bardhë si kjumështë]
- [original: Il Sesto è il Cielo di Giove; e dicono, che questo Pianeta è maggiore della Terra 91. volta; è chiaro, è candido, come un latte]
- The sixth Sky is Jupiter's, and they say that this star is 91 [times] bigger than Earth, luminous, and white as milk
- 1872, Kostandin Kristoforidhi, Δiata e rē, Constantinople: A. H. Boyadjian, Hebrews 5:13, page 417:
- Sepsĕ kušdŏ ḱi pī ḱyŭme̥šte̥, ã̆št' i pa-provŭešim nde̥ fyaľe̥ te̥ dreite̥nise̥, sepsĕ ã̆šte̥ fošńe.
- [Sepse kushdo qi pi qjumështë, âsht i paprovueshim ndë fjalë të drejtënisë, sepse âshtë foshnjë.]
- Because whoever drinks milk, is unacquanted with the word of rightness, because he is an infant.
- 1882, Anastas Kullurioti, Ἀλβανικὸν Ἀλφαβητάριον [Albanikòn Alphabētárion], Athens, page 42:
- Αικη ιστη σκωμα ε' κλυμησιτ, δομηθηνη, εμεμαιμεια εδ' εμεσισμεια πιεσ' ετιι.
- [Ajkë ishtë shquma e' klymëshit, domëthënë, e me majmja edh' e me shishmja pjes' e tij.]
- [original: Ἀφρόγαλα εἶναι ὁ ἀφρὸς τοῦ γάλακτος, δηλ. το παχύτερον καὶ τὸ νοστιμώτερον αὐτοῦ μέρος.]
- Aphrógala eînai ho aphròs toû gálaktos, dēl. to pakhúteron kaì tò nostimṓteron autoû méros.
- Kaymak is the milk foam, that is, the fattest and creamiest part of it.
- latex, sap, milk (of vegetables)
- 2021 August 1, “Si të bëni vetë qumësht bajamesh”, in Kosovarja[1], archived from the original on 2021-08-01:
- Qumështi i bajameve është shumë i shëndetshëm dhe i dobishëm.
- Almond milk is very healthy and beneficial.
- 2023 July 13, “Mrekullia e Krijuesit – Fiku”, in Mesazhi[2], archived from the original on 2023-07-14:
- Qumështi i fikut përdoret me sukses për heqjen e kallove, si dhe kundër reumatizmit e dhembjeve të tjera artritike.
- Fig latex is successfully used to remove calluses, as well as against rheumatism and other arthritic pains.
- mixture of something diluted in water
- 2023 July 12, “A ka ndonjë ndryshim midis pikturimit të një afresku dhe pikturës së një kanavacë?”, in Artmie[3], archived from the original on 2024-09-17:
- Ngjyrat shpërndahen me ujë ose qumësht gëlqereje dhe aplikohen me furçë mbi suva të lagur pas gjysmë ore deri në një orë vendosje.
- The colors are diluted with water or a mixture of lime and water and applied with a brush on wet plaster after half an hour to an hour of setting.
- (Gheg) whey
- Synonym: hirrë
- (Gheg, rare) whey cheese, ricotta
- Synonym: gjizë
Usage notes
[edit]- The meaning “milk” is now obsolete in Gheg dialects, where tambël (“milk”) is used and qumësht generally only means “whey”.
Declension
[edit]Declension of qumësht
Derived terms
[edit]Adverb
[edit]qumësht
- very (white, clean), as milk
- Synonym: shumë
- qumësht i pastër ― very clean (literally, “clean as milk”)
References
[edit]- ^ Meyer, G. (1891) “ḱúmɛštɛ”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der albanesischen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the Albanian Language] (in German), Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner, , page 229
- ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “qumësht”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 363
- ^ Jokl, Norbert (1923) Linguistisch-kulturhistorische Untersuchungen aus dem Bereiche des Albanischen (Untersuchungen zur indogermanischen Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft; 8), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, , pages 273–276
- “qúmësht,~i”, in FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language][4] (in Albanian), 1980, page 1620b
- Mann, S. E. (1948) “qumësht”, in An Historical Albanian–English Dictionary, London: Longmans, Green & Co., page 420b
- Leotti, Angelo (1916) “kjúmësht-i”, in L'albanese parlato (in Italian), Milan: U. Hoepli, page 107
- Weigand, Gustav (1914) “kjumësht-i”, in Albanesisch–deutsches und deutsch–albanesisches Wörterbuch (in German), Leipzig: J. A. Barth, page 44b
- Kristoforidhi, Kostandin (1904) “κϳούμε̯στε̯-ι”, in Λεξικὸν τῆς Ἀλβανικῆς γλώσσης [Lexikòn tês Albanikês glṓssēs] (in Greek), Athens, page 190
- Jungg, G. (1895) “kiûmsct”, in Fialuur i voghel sccȣp e ltinisct [Small Albanian–Italian dictionary], page 57b
- Jungg, G. (1895) “kiumsct”, in Fialuur i voghel sccȣp e ltinisct [Small Albanian–Italian dictionary], page 189a
- Rossi, F. (1875) “kiùmsct”, in Vocabolario della lingua epirotica–italiana (in Italian), page 677b
Categories:
- Albanian terms with unknown etymologies
- Albanian terms borrowed from Latin
- Albanian terms derived from Latin
- Albanian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Albanian 2-syllable words
- Albanian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Albanian/uməʃt
- Rhymes:Albanian/uməʃt/2 syllables
- Albanian lemmas
- Albanian nouns
- Albanian masculine nouns
- Albanian terms with quotations
- Gheg Albanian
- Albanian terms with rare senses
- Albanian uncountable nouns
- Albanian adverbs
- Albanian terms with collocations