iudex

Latin

statua iūdicis (statue of a judge)

Alternative forms

• jūdex

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *jowozdiks. Equivalent to iūs (“law”) + the root of dīcere (“to indicate”) +‎ -s.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈi̯uː.deks/, [ˈi̯uːd̪ɛks̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈju.deks/, [ˈjuːd̪eks]

Noun

iūdex m (genitive iūdicis); third declension

1. judge

   Synonyms: disceptātor, arbiter, spectātor

2. decider, umpire
3. juror
   • 66 BCE, Cicero, chapter 21, in Pro Cluentio‎^[1], archived from the original on 2015-11-08:

     Itaque cum callidissime se dicere putaret et cum illa verba gravissima ex intimo artificio deprompsisset: 'Respicite, iudices, hominum fortunas, respicite dubios variosque casus, respicite C. Fabrici senectutem' — cum hoc 'respicite' ornandae orationis causa saepe dixisset, respexit ipse; at C. Fabricius a subselliis demisso capite discesserat. Hic iudices ridere, stomachari atque acerbe ferre patronus causam sibi eripi et se cetera de illo loco 'respicite, iudices' non posse dicere; nec quicquam propius est factum quam ut illum persequeretur et collo obtorto ad subsellia reduceret ut reliqua posset perorare. Ita tum Fabricius primum suo iudicio, quod est gravissimum, deinde legis vi et sententiis iudicum est condemnatus.

     And so, when [Caepasius] thought he was speaking very skillfully, and when he brought out these very profound words with the greatest skill: "Look, jurors, at the fortunes of men, look at their unpredictable and diverse accidents, look at Gaius Fabricius' old age" — when he had often said this "look" for the sake of decorating his speech, he looked himself; but Gaius Fabricius, with his head down, had walked away from the judge's bench. Here the jurors laughed; his lawyer was irritated and took it badly that the trial had been taken from him and that he couldn't say the rest of his "look, jurors" after that point, and there was nothing that seemed closer to happening than that he would pursue him and bring him by the neck back to the judge's bench so that he could finish the rest of his speech. And so Fabricius was convicted first by his own judgment, which is the most weighty, and then by the force of the law and the decisions of the jurors.

Declension

Third-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	iūdex	iūdicēs
genitive	iūdicis	iūdicum
dative	iūdicī	iūdicibus
accusative	iūdicem	iūdicēs
ablative	iūdice	iūdicibus
vocative	iūdex	iūdicēs

Derived terms

• iūdicābilis
• iūdicātiō
• iūdicātō
• iūdicātum
• iūdicātus
• iūdiciālis
• iūdiciāliter
• iūdiciārius
• iūdiciolum
• iūdicium
• iūdicō

Related terms

• iūdicātōrius
• iūdicātrix
• iūstitia

Descendants

• Catalan: jutge
• Franco-Provençal: jujo
• Friulian: judis
• Italian: giudice
• Ladin: giudesc
• Ligurian: giùdiçe
• Neapolitan: jodece
• Occitan: jutge
• Old French: juge
  • French: juge
  • Norman: juge (Jersey)
  • Walloon: djudje
  • → Middle English: juge, jugge, iuge
    • English: judge (see there for further descendants)
    • Scots: judge, juige
    • Yola: jooudge
• Iberian Romance:
  • Aragonese: chuez
  • Old Leonese: iuez
    • Asturian: xuez, xuö
    • Leonese: xuez
    • Mirandese: juiç
  • Old Galician-Portuguese: juiz, juyz, joiz
    • Galician: xuíz
    • Portuguese: juiz
  • Old Spanish: juez, juiz, judez
    • Ladino: גואיס (jues)
    • Spanish: juez (see there for further descendants)
• Romanian: jude
• Sardinian: judiche, judighe, giudighe
• Sicilian: jùdici
• Venetan: xudexe

References

• “iudex”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• iudex in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• iudex in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[2], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • an impartial judge: iudex incorruptus
    
  • the case is still undecided: adhuc sub iudice lis est (Hor. A. P. 77)
    
  • the finding of the jury: sententiae iudicum
    
  • (ambiguous) to challenge, reject jurymen: iudices reicere (Verr. 3. 11. 28)
    
• “iudex”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers