indulgeo

Latin

Etymology

From in- and an unattested verb *dulgeō, from Proto-Italic *dolɣēō, from Proto-Indo-European *delǵʰ- (“to become fixed”); cognate with Welsh dala (“to catch”), Gothic 𐍄𐌿𐌻𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (tulgjan, “to reinforce”), and perhaps Sanskrit दृह् (dṛh, “to make firm”).

The initial in- may be, instead of the above, derived from a negated form of an unattested adjectival Proto-Indo-European *n-dlgʰ-ro- (“not hard”), thus giving indulgeō an original meaning of "to not be hard toward" > "to be lenient toward" > "to indulge". This is semantically smoother than if the "in-" were to mean "in".

Possibly related to longus, Ancient Greek ἐνδελεχής (endelekhḗs, “continuous”), thus originally with the meaning of "being persistent, patient".

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /inˈdul.ɡe.oː/, [ɪn̪ˈd̪ʊɫ̪ɡeoː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /inˈdul.d͡ʒe.o/, [in̪ˈd̪ul̠ʲd͡ʒeo]

Verb

indulgeō (present infinitive indulgēre, perfect active indulsī, supine indultum); second conjugation

1. (intransitive) to be kind or courteous (to); to be inclined (to); give free rein (to)
2. (intransitive, transitive) to give oneself up (to); to be addicted (to), indulge (in) (takes a dative object)
3. (transitive) to concede, allow, grant, permit, bestow
4. to favor

Conjugation

   Conjugation of indulgeō (second conjugation)

indicative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	indulgeō		indulgēs		indulget		indulgēmus		indulgētis		indulgent
	imperfect	indulgēbam		indulgēbās		indulgēbat		indulgēbāmus		indulgēbātis		indulgēbant
	future	indulgēbō		indulgēbis		indulgēbit		indulgēbimus		indulgēbitis		indulgēbunt
	perfect	indulsī		indulsistī		indulsit		indulsimus		indulsistis		indulsērunt, indulsēre
	pluperfect	indulseram		indulserās		indulserat		indulserāmus		indulserātis		indulserant
	future perfect	indulserō		indulseris		indulserit		indulserimus		indulseritis		indulserint
passive	present	indulgeor		indulgēris, indulgēre		indulgētur		indulgēmur		indulgēminī		indulgentur
	imperfect	indulgēbar		indulgēbāris, indulgēbāre		indulgēbātur		indulgēbāmur		indulgēbāminī		indulgēbantur
	future	indulgēbor		indulgēberis, indulgēbere		indulgēbitur		indulgēbimur		indulgēbiminī		indulgēbuntur
	perfect	indultus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	indultus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	indultus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	indulgeam		indulgeās		indulgeat		indulgeāmus		indulgeātis		indulgeant
	imperfect	indulgērem		indulgērēs		indulgēret		indulgērēmus		indulgērētis		indulgērent
	perfect	indulserim		indulserīs		indulserit		indulserīmus		indulserītis		indulserint
	pluperfect	indulsissem		indulsissēs		indulsisset		indulsissēmus		indulsissētis		indulsissent
passive	present	indulgear		indulgeāris, indulgeāre		indulgeātur		indulgeāmur		indulgeāminī		indulgeantur
	imperfect	indulgērer		indulgērēris, indulgērēre		indulgērētur		indulgērēmur		indulgērēminī		indulgērentur
	perfect	indultus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	indultus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	—		indulgē		—		—		indulgēte		—
	future	—		indulgētō		indulgētō		—		indulgētōte		indulgentō
passive	present	—		indulgēre		—		—		indulgēminī		—
	future	—		indulgētor		indulgētor		—		—		indulgentor
non-finite forms		infinitive						participle
		active			passive			active			passive
present		indulgēre			indulgērī			indulgēns			—
future		indultūrum esse			indultum īrī			indultūrus			indulgendus
perfect		indulsisse			indultum esse			—			indultus
future perfect		—			indultum fore			—			—
perfect potential		indultūrum fuisse			—			—			—
verbal nouns		gerund								supine
		genitive		dative		accusative		ablative		accusative		ablative
		indulgendī		indulgendō		indulgendum		indulgendō		indultum		indultū

Derived terms

• indulgēns
• indulgenter
• indulgentia
• indulgitās
• indultor
• indultus

Descendants

• → Albanian: ndëjej
• → English: indulge
• Italian: indulgere

References

• “indulgeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “indulgeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• indulgeo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to indulge oneself: animo or simply sibi indulgere
    
  • to give way to grief: dolori indulgere
    
  • to be indulgent to a person's faults: indulgere vitiis alicuius
    
  • to give free play to one's anger: irae indulgere (Liv. 23. 3)
    
  • to indulge one's caprice: sibi or ingenio suo indulgere (Nep. Chabr. 3)
    
  • to be given to drink: vino deditum esse, indulgere
    
• indulgeo in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎^[2], pre-publication website, 2005-2016
• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 96