esgyn
Welsh
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Welsh eskyn, from Proto-Brythonic *eskɨnnɨd (whence Cornish ascen), from Latin ascendō.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (North Wales) IPA(key): /ˈɛsɡɨ̞n/, [ˈɛskɨ̞n]
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ˈɛsɡɪn/, [ˈɛskɪn]
Verb
[edit]esgyn (first-person singular present esgynnaf)
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | esgynnaf | esgynni | esgyn | esgynnwn | esgynnwch | esgynnant | esgynnir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional |
esgynnwn | esgynnit | esgynnai | esgynnem | esgynnech | esgynnent | esgynnid | |
| preterite | esgynnais | esgynnaist | esgynnodd | esgynasom | esgynasoch | esgynasant | esgynnwyd | |
| pluperfect | esgynaswn | esgynasit | esgynasai | esgynasem | esgynasech | esgynasent | esgynasid, esgynesid | |
| present subjunctive | esgynnwyf | esgynnych | esgynno | esgynnom | esgynnoch | esgynnont | esgynner | |
| imperative | — | esgynna | esgynned | esgynnwn | esgynnwch | esgynnent | esgynner | |
| verbal noun | esgyn | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | esgynedig esgynadwy | |||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | esgynna i, esgynnaf i | esgynni di | esgynnith o/e/hi, esgynniff e/hi | esgynnwn ni | esgynnwch chi | esgynnan nhw |
| conditional | esgynnwn i, esgynswn i | esgynnet ti, esgynset ti | esgynnai fo/fe/hi, esgynsai fo/fe/hi | esgynnen ni, esgynsen ni | esgynnech chi, esgynsech chi | esgynnen nhw, esgynsen nhw |
| preterite | esgynnais i, esgynnes i | esgynnaist ti, esgynnest ti | esgynnodd o/e/hi | esgynnon ni | esgynnoch chi | esgynnon nhw |
| imperative | — | esgynna | — | — | esgynnwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Mutation
[edit]| radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
|---|---|---|---|
| esgyn | unchanged | unchanged | hesgyn |
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
Further reading
[edit]- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “esgyn”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies