beorn

Old English

Alternative forms

• biorn

Etymology

The origin is disputed. A phonetically exact correspondence exists in Old Norse bjǫrn (“bear”), from Proto-Germanic *bernuz (more at *berô), but the English word is never used for "bear", and the Old Norse word is never used for "warrior". While it is not implausible that the term for a wild animal could become a poetic term for a warrior, Germanic scholars have been reluctant to accept any relationship between the two. Some consider it to be a variant of Old English bearn (“child, offspring, son", hence "boy, servant”), while others derive it from a Proto-Germanic *beron- (“carrier”) (hence "servant; man, warrior", more at baron). Celtic origin has also been considered; thus, Rhys took this to be a Germanic reflex of the Celtic title Brennus, and Bradley connected British Bernicia (Welsh brenhin, brenin).

The word has the form biorn in early Old English attestations; it survives into early Middle English as beorn and takes the variant spellings bern, berne, burn, burne, bearn, bieren, beern, beerne in later Middle English. Middle English usage often interchanges it with baron. As berne, it survives into the 16th century in Scottish dialect, but becomes indistinguishable from bairn.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /be͜orn/, [be͜orˠn]

Noun

beorn m (nominative plural beornas)

1. (poetic) man, warrior
   • Biorn under beorge bordrand onswaf. ― (please add an English translation of this quotation) (Beowulf 2559)
   • se beorn on waruþe scip gemette ― the man found a ship on the strand. (Legend of St Andrew)

Declension

Strong a-stem:

	singular	plural
nominative	beorn	beornas
accusative	beorn	beornas
genitive	beornes	beorna
dative	beorne	beornum

Synonyms

• guma

Descendants

• Middle English: beorn, bern, berne, beren, barn (merged with beron, baroun)
  • (English: baron)
  • Scots: bern, beirn

References

• "† berne, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, Second edition 1989; first published in New English Dictionary, 1887.