Wiktionary:Isan Romanization
Appearance
These are the rules concerning transliteration in Isan entries.
Consonants
[edit]1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tone class | mid | high | low | mid | high | low | mid | high | low | mid | high | |||||||||||||
Consonants | Thai | ก | ข | ฃ1 | ค | ฅ1 | ฆ | ง | จ | ฉ | ช6 | ซ6 | ฌ6 | ญ | ฎ | ฏ | ฐ | ฑ | ฒ | ณ | ด | ต | ถ | |
Lao | ກ | ຂ | ຄ | ງ | ຈ | ສ | ຊ | ຍ | ນ | ດ | ຕ | ຖ | ທ | ນ | ດ | ຕ | ຖ | |||||||
Paiboon | Initials | g | k | ng | j | s | ny | – | d | dt | t | n | d | dt | t | |||||||||
Finals | k | (k) | k | (k) | k | t | (t) | t | – | n | t | t | ||||||||||||
Royal Institute | Initials | k | kh | ng | ch | s | ch | y | – | d | t | th | n | d | t | th | ||||||||
Finals | k | (k) | k | (k) | k | t | (t) | t | – | n | t | t |
23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tone class | low | mid | high | low | low | high | low | mid | low | mid | ||||||||||||||
Consonants | Thai | ท | ธ | น | บ | ป | ผ | ฝ | พ | ฟ6 | ภ | ม | ย | ร4,5 | ล5,6 | ว | ศ | ษ | ส6 | ห | ฬ | อ | ฮ | อย |
Lao | ທ | ນ | ບ | ປ | ຜ | ຝ | ພ | ຟ | ພ | ມ | ຍ | ຣ | ລ | ວ | ສ | ຫ | ລ | ອ | ຮ | ຢ | ||||
Paiboon | Initials | t | n | b | bp | p | f | p | f | p | m | ny | r | l | w | s | h | l | –2 | h | y | |||
Finals | t | p | (p) | p | i3 | n | o3 | t | (h) | n | – | (h) | – | |||||||||||
Royal Institute | Initials | th | n | b | p | ph | f | ph | f | ph | m | y | r | l | w | s | h | l | –2 | h | y | |||
Finals | t | p | (p) | p | i3 | n | o3 | t | (h) | n | – | (h) | – |
- Obsolete letters
- Silent as initial consonant
- Part of a diphthong
- Final ร without a vowel mark = ɔɔn; Medial รร = a
- ฤ = รึ (rʉ, rue); ฤๅ = รือ: (rʉʉ, rue); ฦ = ลึ (lʉ, lue); ฦๅ = ลือ: (lʉʉ, lue). However, their pronunciation might change in words.
- Western loanwords sometimes use initials as alternative finals instead.
- Finals in parentheses are theorical and they have never occured.
Vowels
[edit]1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vowels Thai |
Open syllable | ◌ะ | ◌า | ◌ิ | ◌ี | ◌ึ | ◌ือ | ◌ุ | ◌ู | เ◌ะ | เ◌ | แ◌ะ | แ◌ | โ◌ะ | โ◌ | เ◌าะ | ◌อ (◌ɔɔ) | เ◌อะ | เ◌อ | เ◌ียะ | เ◌ีย | เ◌ือะ | เ◌ือ | ◌ัวะ | ◌ัว | – | ไ◌ | ใ◌ | เ◌า |
Closed syllable | ◌ั | ◌ื | เ◌็ | แ◌็ | ◌ | ◌็อ | เ◌ิ | เ◌ีย | เ◌ือ | ◌ว (◌wɔɔ) | ◌ำ | – | |||||||||||||||||
Vowels Lao |
Open syllable | ◌ະ | ◌າ | ◌ິ | ◌ີ | ◌ຶ | ◌ື | ◌ຸ | ◌ູ | ເ◌ະ | ເ◌ | ແ◌ະ | ແ◌ | ໂ◌ະ | ໂ◌ | ເ◌າະ | ◌ໍ | ເ◌ິ | ເ◌ີ | ເ◌ັຍ | ເ◌ຍ | ເ◌ຶອ | ເ◌ືອ | ◌ົວະ | ◌ົວ | – | ໄ◌ | ໃ◌ | ເ◌ົາ |
Closed syllable | ◌ັ | ເ◌ັ | ແ◌ັ | ◌ົ | ◌ັອ | ◌ອ | ◌ັຽ | ◌ຽ | ◌ັວ | ◌ວ | ◌ໍາ | – | |||||||||||||||||
Paiboon | a | aa | i | ii | ʉ | ʉʉ | u | uu | e | ee | ɛ | ɛɛ | o | oo | ɔ | ɔɔ | ə | əə | ia | iia | ʉa | ʉʉa | ua | uua | am | ai | ao | ||
Royal Institute | a | i | ue | u | e | ae | o | oe | ia | uea | ua | am | ai | ao |
Phonetic diphthongs
[edit]1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diphthongs Thai |
◌ัย | ◌าย | ◌าว | ◌ิว | ◌ึย | ◌ุย | ◌ูย | เ◌็ว | เ◌ว | แ◌็ว | แ◌ว | โ◌ย | ◌็อย | ◌อย | เ◌ย | เ◌ียว | เ◌ือย | ◌วย |
Diphthongs Lao |
◌ັຍ | ◌າຍ | ◌າວ | ◌ິວ | ◌ຶຍ | ◌ຸຍ | ◌ູຍ | ເ◌ັວ | ເ◌ວ | ແ◌ັວ | ແ◌ວ | ໂ◌ຍ | ◌ັອຍ | ◌ອຍ | ເ◌ິຍ | ◌ຽວ | ເ◌ືອຍ | ◌ວຍ |
Paiboon | ai | aai | aao | iu | ʉi | ui | uui | eo | eeo | ɛo | ɛɛo | ooi | ɔi | ɔɔi | əəi | iiao | ʉʉai | uuai |
Royal Institute | ai | ao | io | uei | ui | eo | aeo | oi | oei | iao | ueai | uai |
Tone marks (Khon Kaen)
[edit]0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tone marks | no mark | ◌่ | ◌้ | ◌๊ | ◌๋ | |||
Syllable type | live1 | short dead2 |
long dead2 | |||||
Paiboon | High class | ◌̌ | ◌ | ◌̀ | ◌̄ | ◌̀ | – | |
Mid class | ◌ | ◌̂ | ◌́ | ◌̌ | ||||
Low class | ◌́ | ◌̂ | – | |||||
Royal Institute | not present at all |
- Syllable ending in long vowel, diphthong or nasal
- Syllable ending in a short vowel or plosive
Tone mark | Description |
---|---|
◌ | mid level (unmarked) |
◌̄ | high level |
◌́ | high rising |
◌̀ | low falling |
◌̂ | high falling |
◌̌ | dipping or low rising |
First level | left to right | end of string < consonant symbol <? Thai numeral |
---|---|---|
Second level | by consonant, left to right | inherent vowel < vowel symbol |
Third level | left to right | no tone mark < tone mark |
Hindu-Arabic | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thai | ๐ (0) | ๑ (1) | ๒ (2) | ๓ (3) | ๔ (4) | ๕ (5) | ๖ (6) | ๗ (7) | ๘ (8) | ๙ (9) |
Lao | ໐ (0) | ໑ (1) | ໒ (2) | ໓ (3) | ໔ (4) | ໕ (5) | ໖ (6) | ໗ (7) | ໘ (8) | ໙ (9) |
- Other symbols of undetermined ordering: ◌็, ◌์, ฯ, ๆ
- Foreign and archaic characters: ◌ํ (alone) ◌ฺ, ◌๎