User:Kaarkemhveel/sjd-decl notes

General notes

Vowel gradation

There could be up to 3 vowel gradations in one word. This allows us to localise three places of vowel gradations:

1. "Base" or "genitive" vowel. Appears always in nominative plural, all singular cases except singular comitative and singular illative. If the last two don't change the vowels, could appear there too.
2. "Illative" vowel - separate gradation that could appear only in singular illative case.
3. "Comitative" vowel - could appear only in singular comitative and all plural cases except nominative plural.

Possible combinations:

1. Only: "base" цыза and пуаз (with exception of nominative, which doesn't participate in the rest of declension)
2. Only: "illative" кӯлль
3. Only: "comitative" алльк
4. All: пе̄ййв

Let's see the "worst" scenario:

Inflection of Kaarkemhveel/sjd-decl notes
Nominative	пе̄ййв (pjiejjv)
Genitive	пе̄йв (pjiejv)
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	пе̄ййв (pjiejjv)	пе̄йв (pjiejv)
Accusative	пе̄йв (pjiejv)	пӣйвэтҍ (pjijvet’)
Genitive	пе̄йв (pjiejv)	пӣйвэ (pjijve)
Illative	пя̄ййва (pjeajjva)	пӣйвэтҍ (pjijvet’)
Locative	пе̄йвэсьт (pjiejves’t)	пӣйвэнҍ (pjijven’)
Comitative	пӣйвэнҍ (pjijven’)	пӣйвэгуэйм (pjijveguejm)
Abessive	пе̄йвха (pjiejvxa)	пӣйвэха (pjijvexa)
Essive	пе̄ййвэнҍ (pjiejjven’)
Partitive	пе̄ййвэ (pjiejjve)
Possessive forms (Singular object) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Sposs}}} {{{p1_Sposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Sposs}}} {{{p2_Sposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Sposs}}} {{{p3_Sposs}}} (Multiple objects) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Pposs}}} {{{p1_Pposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Pposs}}} {{{p2_Pposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Pposs}}} {{{p3_Pposs}}}

Consonant gradation

Only declension types I, II have consonant gradation. It happens according to the following pattern (S - strong, W - weak):

Inflection of Kaarkemhveel/sjd-decl notes
Nominative	-S-
Genitive	-W-
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-S-	-W-
Accusative	-W-	-W-
Genitive	-W-	-W-
Illative	-S-	-W-
Locative	-W-	-W-
Comitative	-W-	-W-
Abessive	-W-	-W-
Essive	-S-
Partitive	-S-
Possessive forms (Singular object) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Sposs}}} {{{p1_Sposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Sposs}}} {{{p2_Sposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Sposs}}} {{{p3_Sposs}}} (Multiple objects) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Pposs}}} {{{p1_Pposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Pposs}}} {{{p2_Pposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Pposs}}} {{{p3_Pposs}}}

Palatalisation and "iotated" vowels

Kildin has special letters ь, ҍ and й, which change the appearance of the vowels a and э when they are after them.

1. ь + э/а > е/я:
   1. маннь + -а > мэння (ill.sg)
   2. маннь + -э > мэне (gen.pl)
2. ҍ + э/а > ӭ/ӓ:
   1. са̄ннҍ + -э > соа̄нӭ (gen.pl)
   2. са̄ннҍ + -аһта > соа̄нӓһта (dialectal abess.pl)
3. й + э/а > е/я:
   1. сайй + -а > сайя (ill.sg)
   2. сайй + -э > сэе (gen.pl)
   3. пе̄лльй + -э > пе̄лье (gen.pl)
   4. пе̄лльй + -а > пя̄ллья (ill.sg)
4. "hard" consonant + е > ъе:
   1. пӯдз + -й- + -э > пӯдзъе (ill.sg)
5. palatal(ised) / "semi-soft" consonant + е > ье / ҍе:
   1. ко̄джь- + -й- + -э > ко̄джье (ill.sg)
   2. ро̄дтҍ- + -е (je) > ро̄дтҍе
6. Among а/э/о/у only э with ч turns to че (the rest are ча чо чу)
7. нь + о/у also affects оа/уэ so they become нёа/нюэ: нёаррк/нюэммель

Declension types

Types I-II [DONE]

The most common ones. Include nouns ending with -мусс, -эсс, -эшш, -вудт.

II type differs from the I type one only by lacking of consonant gradation, which can already be specified in the template.

Should look like: {{sjd-decl/I-II|1|2|3|4|5}}

1. "Comitative" vowel
2. "Illative" vowel
3. Strong grade
4. Weak grade
5. Illative ending (with consonant cluster before it: ннта, лла, ҏҏьтэ etc.)

Notes

• Following case endings (see this section for the э/е/ӭ / а/я/ӓ behaviour):

Inflection of Kaarkemhveel/sjd-decl notes
Nominative	-
Genitive	-
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-	-
Accusative	-	-этҍ [-етҍ/-ӭтҍ] (-et’ [-jet’/-’et’])
Genitive	-	-э [-е/-ӭ] (-e [-je/-’e])
Illative	[root without a grade + parameter 5]	-этҍ [-етҍ/-ӭтҍ] (-et’ [-jet’/-’et’])
Locative	-эсьт [-есьт/-ӭсьт] (-es’t [-jes’t/-’es’t])	[=Comitative.sg]
Comitative	-энҍ [-енҍ/-ӭнҍ] (-en’ [-jen’/-’en’])	-эгуэйм [-егуэйм/-ӭгуэйм] (-eguejm [-jeguejm/-’eguejm])
Abessive	-ха (-xa)	-эха [-еха/-ӭха] (-exa [-jexa/-’exa])
Essive	[=Comitative.sg]
Partitive	[=Genetive.pl]
Possessive forms (Singular object) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Sposs}}} {{{p1_Sposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Sposs}}} {{{p2_Sposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Sposs}}} {{{p3_Sposs}}} (Multiple objects) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Pposs}}} {{{p1_Pposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Pposs}}} {{{p2_Pposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Pposs}}} {{{p3_Pposs}}}

*In Abessive plural: Dialectal forms: -аһта (Lujāvv’r), -хатта (Čudz’jāvv’r), should be marked below the table under asterisk.

• Vowel gradation
• Consonant gradation in root (non-derivative nouns) or in suffix (derivative nouns)

Type III [DONE]

• 2 vowel gradations: one is in nom.sg, the other in the rest of the cases
• 3 consonant grades: weak, strong, "extended"
• 2 subtypes defined by "extended" grade:

Subtype A (й, к):

• к turns to:
  • (two options) х (after п пь т тҍ к кь) - both коа̄бпкэ and коа̄бпхэ are acceptable
  • г (after н нь м мь ӈ ӈь л ль р рь й)
• Has following case endings and grade pattern (W - weak, S - strong, E -extended):

Inflection of Kaarkemhveel/sjd-decl notes
Nominative	-
Genitive	-э (-e)
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-	-э (-e)
Accusative	-э (-e)	-этҍ (-et’)
Genitive	-э (-e)	-э (-e)
Illative	-э (-e)	-этҍ (-et’)
Locative	-эсьт (-es’t)	-энҍ (-en’)
Comitative	-энҍ (-en’)	-эгуэйм (-eguejm)
Abessive	-аһта (-ahta)	-эха (+ dialectal) (-exa (+ dialectal))
Essive	-энҍ (-en’)
Partitive	-эдтӭ (-edt’e)
Possessive forms (Singular object) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Sposs}}} {{{p1_Sposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Sposs}}} {{{p2_Sposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Sposs}}} {{{p3_Sposs}}} (Multiple objects) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Pposs}}} {{{p1_Pposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Pposs}}} {{{p2_Pposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Pposs}}} {{{p3_Pposs}}}

Inflection of Kaarkemhveel/sjd-decl notes
Nominative	W
Genitive	S
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	W	S
Accusative	S	S
Genitive	S	S
Illative	E	S
Locative	S	S
Comitative	S	S
Abessive	S	S
Essive	S
Partitive	E
Possessive forms (Singular object) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Sposs}}} {{{p1_Sposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Sposs}}} {{{p2_Sposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Sposs}}} {{{p3_Sposs}}} (Multiple objects) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Pposs}}} {{{p1_Pposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Pposs}}} {{{p2_Pposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Pposs}}} {{{p3_Pposs}}}

Subtype B (ан, эм, эмь):

• Loss of the grade vowel if it precedes a case ending: оа̄б-оа̄бпан-оа̄бп_нэсьт
• Has following case endings and grade pattern (W - weak, S - strong, E -extended):

Inflection of Kaarkemhveel/sjd-decl notes
Nominative	-
Genitive	-
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-	-
Accusative	-	-этҍ (-et’)
Genitive	-	-э (-e)
Illative	-э (-e)	-этҍ (-et’)
Locative	-эсьт (-es’t)	-энҍ (-en’)
Comitative	-энҍ (-en’)	-эгуэйм (-eguejm)
Abessive	-аһта (-ahta)	-эха (+ dialectal) (-exa (+ dialectal))
Essive	-энҍ (-en’)
Partitive	-эдтӭ (-edt’e)
Possessive forms (Singular object) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Sposs}}} {{{p1_Sposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Sposs}}} {{{p2_Sposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Sposs}}} {{{p3_Sposs}}} (Multiple objects) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Pposs}}} {{{p1_Pposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Pposs}}} {{{p2_Pposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Pposs}}} {{{p3_Pposs}}}

Inflection of Kaarkemhveel/sjd-decl notes
Nominative	W
Genitive	E
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	W	E
Accusative	E	E
Genitive	E	E
Illative	E	E
Locative	E	E
Comitative	E	E
Abessive	E	E
Essive	E
Partitive	E
Possessive forms (Singular object) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Sposs}}} {{{p1_Sposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Sposs}}} {{{p2_Sposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Sposs}}} {{{p3_Sposs}}} (Multiple objects) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Pposs}}} {{{p1_Pposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Pposs}}} {{{p2_Pposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Pposs}}} {{{p3_Pposs}}}

Additional

• In abess.pl - dialectal endings are -аһта/-хатта for Lujavvʹr/Čudtʹjavvʹr dialects respectively
• Additional ill.sg ending should also be added

How should the template look like:

{{decl-sjd/III|vowel|S|E|(add. illative)}}

Examples

• оа̄дз {{decl-sjd/III|оа̄|сс|к}}
• пуаз {{decl-sjd/III|ӯ|дз|й}}
• лӯмь {{decl-sjd/III|уэ|мм|ан}}
• пэфс {{decl-sjd/III|э̄|ккс|эм}}

Type IV

• 2 vowel gradations: one in nom.sg, the other is in the rest of the cases
• Ends with -ас, loss of the grade vowel if it precedes a case ending: тэӈс-тэ̄ӈӈас-тэ̄ӈӈ_сэсьт
• Has following case endings and grade pattern (W - weak, S - strong, E -extended):

Inflection of Kaarkemhveel/sjd-decl notes
Nominative	-
Genitive	-
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-	-
Accusative	-	-этҍ (-et’)
Genitive	-	-э (-e)
Illative	-э (-e)	-этҍ (-et’)
Locative	-эсьт (-es’t)	-энҍ (-en’)
Comitative	-энҍ (-en’)	-эгуэйм (-eguejm)
Abessive	-аһта (-ahta)	-эха (-exa)
Essive	-энҍ (-en’)
Partitive	-эдтӭ (-edt’e)
Possessive forms (Singular object) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Sposs}}} {{{p1_Sposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Sposs}}} {{{p2_Sposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Sposs}}} {{{p3_Sposs}}} (Multiple objects) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Pposs}}} {{{p1_Pposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Pposs}}} {{{p2_Pposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Pposs}}} {{{p3_Pposs}}}

Inflection of Kaarkemhveel/sjd-decl notes
Nominative	W
Genitive	S
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	W	S
Accusative	S	E
Genitive	S	E
Illative	E	E
Locative	E	E
Comitative	E	E
Abessive	E	E
Essive	E
Partitive	E
Possessive forms (Singular object) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Sposs}}} {{{p1_Sposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Sposs}}} {{{p2_Sposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Sposs}}} {{{p3_Sposs}}} (Multiple objects) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Pposs}}} {{{p1_Pposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Pposs}}} {{{p2_Pposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Pposs}}} {{{p3_Pposs}}}

Type V

• 2 vowel gradations: one in nom.sg, the other is in the rest of the cases
• Loss of palatalisation in grade and in ultimate consonant: е̄мьпэрь-я̄ммпар-я̄-я̄ммпрэсьт. The only known exception is ме̄герь, which looses only final palatalisation: ме̄герь-ме̄гкяр-ме̄гкьрэсьт
• Loss of the grade vowel if it precedes a case ending: е̄мьперь-я̄ммпар-я̄ммп_рэсьт
• Has following case endings and grade pattern (W - weak, S - strong):

Inflection of Kaarkemhveel/sjd-decl notes
Nominative	-
Genitive	-
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-	-
Accusative	-	-этҍ (-et’)
Genitive	-	-э (-e)
Illative	-э (-e)	-этҍ (-et’)
Locative	-эсьт (-es’t)	-энҍ (-en’)
Comitative	-энҍ (-en’)	-эгуэйм (-eguejm)
Abessive	-аһта (-ahta)	-эха (+ dialectal) (-exa (+ dialectal))
Essive	-энҍ (-en’)
Partitive	-эдтӭ (-edt’e)
Possessive forms (Singular object) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Sposs}}} {{{p1_Sposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Sposs}}} {{{p2_Sposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Sposs}}} {{{p3_Sposs}}} (Multiple objects) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Pposs}}} {{{p1_Pposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Pposs}}} {{{p2_Pposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Pposs}}} {{{p3_Pposs}}}

Inflection of Kaarkemhveel/sjd-decl notes
Nominative	W
Genitive	S
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	W	S
Accusative	S	S
Genitive	S	S
Illative	S	S
Locative	S	S
Comitative	S	S
Abessive	S	S
Essive	S
Partitive	S
Possessive forms (Singular object) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Sposs}}} {{{p1_Sposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Sposs}}} {{{p2_Sposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Sposs}}} {{{p3_Sposs}}} (Multiple objects) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Pposs}}} {{{p1_Pposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Pposs}}} {{{p2_Pposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Pposs}}} {{{p3_Pposs}}}

How should the template look like:

{{decl-sjd/V|vowel|S}}

Type VI (WIP)

• 4 subtypes defined by "extended" grade: