Template:enm-conj-st

Conjugation of enm-conj-st (strong class 1)

infinitive	(to) {{{head}}}, {{{1}}}e
	present tense	past tense
1st-person singular	{{{1}}}e	{{{2}}}
2nd-person singular	{{{1}}}est	{{{3}}}e, {{{2}}}
3rd-person singular	{{{1}}}eth	{{{2}}}
subjunctive singular	{{{1}}}e	{{{3}}}e¹
imperative singular	{{{1}}}e	—

plural²	{{{1}}}en, {{{1}}}e	{{{3}}}en, {{{3}}}e
imperative plural	{{{1}}}eth, {{{1}}}e	—

participles	{{{1}}}ynge, {{{1}}}ende	{{{4}}}en, {{{4}}}e, y{{{4}}}en, y{{{4}}}e

¹Replaced by the indicative in later Middle English.
²Sometimes used as a formal 2nd-person singular.

The following documentation is located at Template:enm-conj-st/documentation. ^[edit]

Useful links: subpage list • links • redirects • transclusions • errors (parser/module) • sandbox

This template automatically generates a conjugation table for Middle English strong verbs; it replaces {{enm-conj}} and offers several advancements over it. There are three Middle English conjugation templates, all based on Module:enm-conj; the choice of template depends on the type of verb:

{{enm-conj-wk}}: the template for weak verbs, which can be identified by their past in -d- or -t-. Most Middle English verbs are weak.
{{enm-conj-st}}: the template for strong verbs, which form their past by modifying the stem vowel.
{{enm-conj-irr}}: the template for a few verbs which are particularly irregular, including the so-called preterite-present verbs.

Details about the use of each template can be found on their documentation pages, though their operation is broadly similar.

Basic parameters

These parameters control the basic operation of the template; they should suffice for many strong verbs. However some will need the form replacement parameters detailed in the next section, especially if they have multiple variant stems.

|1= (required) The present stem (with any endings removed). If |4= is not specified, also forms the past participle.
|2= (required) The past singular stem (with any endings removed). If |3= is not specified, also forms the past plural and subjunctive. If alternative stems exist, add them using |2a=, |2a2=, etc.
|3= (optional) The past plural/subjunctive stem (with any endings removed). If alternative stems exist, add them using |3a=, |3a2=, etc.
|4= (optional) The past participial stem (with any endings removed). If alternative stems exist, add them using |4a=, |4a2=, etc.
|5= (optional) The stem used to form the second- and third- person singular, if not predictable.
|class= or |c= (required) Changes the class of the verb (displayed on the template header and used to categorise the verb). While any value can be entered, this should be a number from 1 to 7. Multiple classes can be set using |class2=, |class3=, etc.
|irr= (optional) Marks the verb as an irregular strong verb; i.e. one with consonantal alternations (e.g. standen).
|y= (optional) Controls the presence of past participial variants prefixed with y-. This operates after all other parameters, so any custom past participles will automatically have variants with y- generated.
- |y=0 No past participles have y- added to them.
- |y=1 (default) The first two past participles specified receive a variant with y-; any additional ones do not.
- |y=2 All specified past participles receive variant with y-. If there is only one past participle, this behaves identically to |y=1.
- |y=p1 The first past participle specified receives a variant with y-; any others do not. If only one past participle is specified, this behaves identically to |y=1.
- |y=p2 The second past participle specified receives a variant with y-; any others do not. If only one past participle is specified, an error is returned.
- |y=p3 The third past participle specified receives a variant with y-; any others do not. If less than three past participles are specified, an error is returned.
|nocat= (optional) Suppresses automatic categorisation.
|nopast= (optional) If set to anything other than 0, no, n, or false, marks present forms as nonexistent.

If an unlisted option is entered for |y=, it is treated as if the default option was entered.

Weak forms

In Middle English, some strong verbs have acquired an optional weak past; these parameters can be used to add such past forms.

|w_class= or |w= Controls the suffix used to form weak past forms. Multiple classes can be set using |w_class2=, |w_class3=, etc.
- |w_class=ed Past forms are formed with -ed; automatically supplies the appropriate forms and title.
- |w_class=te Weak past forms are formed with -te; automatically supplies the appropriate forms and title.
- |w_class=de Past forms are formed with -de; automatically supplies the appropriate forms and title.
- |w_class=sl Past forms are formed without a suffix; automatically supplies the appropriate forms and title.
- |w_class=irr Past forms are formed unpredictably; automatically supplies the appropriate title. If enabled, |w_irr= is required due to the forms' unpredictability.
|w_irr= (usually optional; see above) Used to set unpredictable past forms; the exact function of this parameter depends on whether |w_class=irr is set.
- If |w_class= (or |w_class2=, etc.) is irr, this is the combined stem and suffix used to form the past, without any endings.
- Otherwise, this is the stem used to form the past, without any suffixes or endings.
|s= (optional) If multiple weak classes are set, one of which is irr, |w_irr= will only control the forms for irr. Any other unpredictable forms can be set with this parameter, which takes the stem (like |2=).
|w_stem= (optional) If multiple weak past forms are set (using |w_class=), |w_stem=, |w_stem2=, etc. can be used to set a different stem for each one.

Form replacement

Special parameters exist for specifying custom verb forms to replace the automatically generated forms. To add variants for a custom-generated form, affix 2 after the second, a 3 after the third and so on (e.g. |inf=, |inf2=, |inf3= and so on for the infinitive). Variants can be added while retaining some (or all) of the automatically-generated forms; this is done by making "gaps" in the enumeration of alternative forms (for example, to add a custom infinitive variant, but retain all the default forms, enter it as |inf3=, as two infinitive forms are specified by default).

The following form replacement parameters are accepted:

|inf=: infinitive
|1s=: first-person singular present indicative
|2s=: second-person singular present indicative
|3s=: third-person singular present indicative
|p=: plural present indicative/subjunctive
|sub=: singular present subjunctive/imperative
|imp_p=: plural imperative
|part=: present participle
|p_1s=: first/third-person singular past indicative
|p_2s=: second-person singular past indicative
|p_sub=: singular past subjunctive
|p_p=: plural past (indicative and subjunctive)
|p_part=: past participle

Note that |p_sub= is missing from the other Middle English verb templates, as the strong verbs are the only Middle English verbs with a formally distinct past subjunctive.

The form replacement parameters accept the following special characters:

0 Marks the variant slot as blank. Useful if a form has multiple automatically-generated variants, but only one variant actually exists for that verb. For example, if a verb only has one infinitive variant, |inf2=0 can be used to suppress the second automatically-generated infinitive.
— Marks the form as nonexistent for that verb. If this is used, no other variants should be entered. For example, |inf=— can be used to indicate that a verb has no infinitive.

Using this template

Minor variants

Solely orthographic variants (including those which display the loss of final schwa), such as third-person singular presents with -þ instead of -th or present participles with -yng instead of -ynge, should not be added when using this template. Instead, they should be listed as alternative forms on the appropriate verb form's page.