Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/spaldan

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

Uncertain; presumably from Proto-Germanic *spaldaną^[1]^[2] and related to *speldą (“a split”), possibly cognate to Old Church Slavonic расплащѫ (rasplaštǫ, “to divide”), Sanskrit स्फाटति (sphāṭati, “to burst, expand”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)p(H)el- (“to split, cleave”).^[3]^[4]^[5]

Verb

*spaldan

to split, to cleave

Inflection

Strong class 7c
Infinitive	*spaldan
1st sg. past	*speald
3rd pl. past	*spealdun
Past ptcple	*spaldan
Infinitive	*spaldan
Genitive infin.	*spaldannjas
Dative infin.	*spaldannjē
Instrum. infin.	*spaldannju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*spaldu	*speald
2nd singular	*spaldiʀi	*spealdī
3rd singular	*spaldidi	*speald
1st plural	*spaldum	*spealdum
2nd plural	*spaldid	*spealdud
3rd plural	*spaldand	*spealdun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*spaldē	*spealdī
2nd singular	*spaldēs	*spealdī
3rd singular	*spaldē	*spealdī
1st plural	*spaldēm	*spealdīm
2nd plural	*spaldēþ	*spealdīd
3rd plural	*spaldēn	*spealdīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*spald
Plural	*spaldid
	Present	Past
Participle	*spaldandī	*spaldan

Descendants

Old Saxon: *spaldan
- Middle Low German: spalden
- German Low German:
  Low Prussian: spoolen, spolen
  
  Westphalian:
  East Westphalian: späulen (Ravensberg)
  - → English: spald
Old Dutch: *spaldan
- Middle Dutch: spouden
  - Dutch: spouwen
Old High German: spaltan
- Middle High German: spalten
  - German: spalten
  - → Norwegian:
    - → Norwegian Bokmål: spalte
    - → Norwegian Nynorsk: spalte, spalta
  - → Swedish: spalta
  - → Danish: spalte

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*spaldan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 465
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*spalđanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 361
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1. (s)p(h)el-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 985
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*(s)pelt-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 577
^ Boutkan, Dirk, Siebinga, Sjoerd (2005) “-splita”, in Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 1), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 364

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*spaldan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 465

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*spalđanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 361

[3] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1. (s)p(h)el-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 985

[4] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*(s)pelt-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 577

[5] Boutkan, Dirk, Siebinga, Sjoerd (2005) “-splita”, in Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 1), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 364

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