Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/gram(i)

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *gramaz.

Adjective

*gram(i)

1. angry, hostile

Inflection

a-stem
Singular	Masculine
Nominative	*gram
Genitive	*gramas
Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*gram	*gramu	*gram
Accusative	*gramanā	*gramā	*gram
Genitive	*gramas	*grameʀā	*gramas
Dative	*gramumē	*grameʀē	*gramumē
Instrumental	*gramu	*grameʀu	*gramu
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*gramē	*gramō	*gramu
Accusative	*gramā	*gramā	*gramu
Genitive	*grameʀō	*grameʀō	*grameʀō
Dative	*gramēm, *gramum	*gramēm, *gramum	*gramēm, *gramum
Instrumental	*gramēm, *gramum	*gramēm, *gramum	*gramēm, *gramum

ja-stem
Singular	Masculine
Nominative	*grami
Genitive	*grammjas
Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*grami	*grammju	*grami
Accusative	*grammjanā	*grammjā	*grami
Genitive	*grammjas	*grammjeʀā	*grammjas
Dative	*grammjumē	*grammjeʀē	*grammjumē
Instrumental	*grammju	*grammjeʀu	*grammju
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*grammjē	*grammjō	*grammju
Accusative	*grammjā	*grammjā	*grammju
Genitive	*grammjeʀō	*grammjeʀō	*grammjeʀō
Dative	*grammjēm, *grammjum	*grammjēm, *grammjum	*grammjēm, *grammjum
Instrumental	*grammjēm, *grammjum	*grammjēm, *grammjum	*grammjēm, *grammjum

Descendants

• Old English: gram
  • Middle English: gram
    • English: gram
• Old Saxon: gram
  • Middle Low German: gram
• Old Dutch: *gram
  • Middle Dutch: gram
    • Dutch: gram
• Old High German: gremi, gram
  • Middle High German: gram
    • German: gram
• → Old French: graim
  • Old French: graigne
    • Old French: graignier, greignier
      • Old Northern French: chagreiner, chagraigner
        • Old French: chagrin
          • Middle French: chagrin
            • French: chagrin
              • → Dutch: sjagrijn
              • → English: chagrin
      • Old French: grigner
        • Middle French: chagrigner
          • French: chagriner