Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/tamga

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Probably from *tam- (“to burn, to kindle, to ignite”) +‎ *-ga

Noun

*tamga (Common Turkic)

brand (mark of ownership put on horses or cattle)
seal
tamga

Declension

Declension of *tamga (Common Turkic)

	singular	plural²⁾
nominative	*tamga	*tamgalar
accusative
genitive	*tamganïŋ	*tamgalarnïŋ
dative	*tamgaka	*tamgalarka
locative	*tamgada	*tamgalarda
ablative	*tamgadan	*tamgalardan
instrumental¹⁾		*tamgalarïn
equative¹⁾	*tamgača	*tamgalarča

¹⁾The original instrumental and equative cases have fallen into disuse in many Common Turkic languages.
²⁾This plural suffix is used only on Common Turkic, and not in Oghur. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

Karluk
- Karakhanid: تَمْغا
  - Chagatai: تمغا
    - Uzbek: tamg'a
    - Uyghur: تامغا (tamgha)
    - → Tibetan: ཐམ་ཀ (tham ka)
    - → Persian: تمغا (tamğâ) (or from Oghuz)
      - → Hindustani:
        Hindi: तमग़ा (tamġā)
        
        Urdu: تمغا, تمغہ
      - → Punjabi: ਤਮਗ਼ਾ (tamġā)
→ Proto-Mongolic: *tamaga
- East Yugur: taŋġwa
- Mongolian: тамга (tamga)
Kipchak:
- East Kipchak:
  - Kyrgyz: тамга (tamga)
  - Southern Altai: таҥма (taŋma)
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: тамға (tamğa)
  - Tatar: тамга (tamga)
- South Kipchak:
  - Kazakh: таңба (tañba)
  - Karakalpak: тамға
  - Nogai: тамга (tamga)
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: tamğa
  - Kumyk: дамгъа (damğa)
    - → Avar: дамгъа (damğa)
    - → Dargwa: дамгъа (damγa)
  - Karachay-Balkar: тамгъа (tamğa)
  - → Ossetian: дамгъӕ (damǧæ)
- →? Chuvash: тумха (tumh̬a), тӑмха (tămh̬a) (unless inherited independently)
- → Bulgarian: тамга (tamga)
- → Old East Slavic: тамъга (tamŭga, “stigma”)
  - Russian: тамга́ (tamgá)
  - ⇒ Russian: таможня (tamožnja)
Oghuz:
- Turkmen: tagma
- Old Anatolian Turkish:
  - Azerbaijani: damğa
    - → Armenian: դաղմա (daġma), դամղա (damġa) (Karabakh)
    - → Lak: ттангъа (t:anğa)
    - → Lezgi: тагъма (taġma), тӏамгъа (ṭamġa) (or perhaps from Kumyk)
    - → Udi: дамгъа (damɣa)
  - Ottoman Turkish: تمغا (tamga), طمغا (tamga, damga), طمغه (tamga, damga), طامغه (tamga, damga), دامغه (damga), دمغه (damga)
    - Gagauz: damga, tamga
    - Turkish: damga
    - → Arabic: دَمْغَة (damḡa)
    - → Bulgarian: дамга́ (damgá)
    - → Georgian: დამღა (damɣa) (or from Azerbaijani)
    - → Middle Armenian: տամղա (tamġa)
      - Armenian: տամղա (tamġa), դամկա (damka), թամղա (tʻamġa)
    - → Romanian: danga
    - → Macedonian: дамка (damka)
    - → Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: да̏нга
      Latin script: dȁnga
Siberian Turkic:
- Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰢𐰍𐰀, 𐱃𐰀𐰢𐰴𐰀 (tamγa, tamqa)
  - Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tamγa, “stamp, imprint; sign”)
  - → English: tamga (learned)
- Sayan
  - Tofa: таӈма, даӈма
  - Tuvan: таңма (tañma)
- Yenisei:
  - Shor: таңма
  - Khakas: таңма (tañma)

References

Clauson, Gerard (1972) “tamğa:”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pages 504-505