Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/badram

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Several etymologies are proposed. Most likely an Iranic borrowing, but no consensus on the origin;

• Clauson states that this term is "no doubt an Iranian [loanword]" and gives Persian پدرام (padrâm, “delightsome place”) as an example for that relation. He also mentions how Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk claims this word to be a genuine word ('not a loanword') with the meaning yawma'l-ˁīd among Oghuz and Kipchaks. Compare also Karakhanid بَذْرَمْ یار (baδram yḗr, “pleasant ground”), a Karakhanid form with Persian meaning preserved, also given by Clauson.
  • Sevortyan argues against Clauson on a Middle Persian loan into Proto-Turkic.

• Nişanyan proposes a borrowing from Middle Persian [script needed] (paδrām, “merriment, peace”) or Sogdian 𐼾𐽂𐽀𐼰𐼺 (ptrʾm /⁠patrām⁠/, “calm, peace”), from Proto-Iranian *pati-rāma-, ultimately a compound of Proto-Indo-European *per- +‎ *h₁rem-. By this etymology, *badram would be a cognate with Sanskrit रमते (ramate). Nişanyan does not discards a potential Mongolic origin, (Proto-Mongolic *bayar (“joy”)) which would make this term a cognate with Mongolian баяр (bajar) instead.

• EDAL puts forth that the Proto-Turkic form is *bayram instead and that it comes from a hypothetical Proto-Turkic *bay-ra- ("to celebrate"), which is not related to *badrak (“flag”). Authors of EDAL denounce a possibility of Iranian borrowing, stating "the only acceptable etymology of [Persian] bajram is [from] Turkic"[2]. This hypothetical *bay-ra- is then compared to Proto-Mongolic *bayar (“joy”), Manchu ᠪᠠᠶᠯᡳ (bayli, “favor, mercy”) and Proto-Japonic *bema- (“to smile”), whence Japanese 笑む (emu-, “to smile”). Altaic Hypothesis is widely rejected however, and comparisons like these are deemed unreliable.

• Eren (1999) rejects a relation with *badrak (“flag”) or Tuvan байыр (bayır, “feast”).

Lack of Oghur and Arghu reflexes and sparse atttestation in Siberian languages suggest a borrowing from an external source.

Noun

*badram

1. (Common Turkic) feast, merriment
2. (Common Turkic) holiday

Descendants

• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish: بَیْرَامْ (bayram)
    • Azerbaijani: bayram
    • Gagauz: bayram
    • Ottoman Turkish: بیرام (bayram)
      • Turkish: bayram
  • East Oghuz:
    • Turkmen: baýram
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: بَذْرَمْ (baδram, “feast, pleasant, Eid al-Adha”)
    • Uyghur: بايرام (bayram)
    • Uzbek: bayram
• Kipchak:
  • North Kipchak:
    • Bashkir: байрам (bayram)
    • Tatar: бәйрәм (bäyräm)
  • West Kipchak:
    • Crimean Tatar: bayram
    • Karachay-Balkar: байрам (bayram)
    • Kumyk: байрам (bayram)
    • Karaim: [Term?], bayram
  • South Kipchak:
    • Caspian:
      • Kazakh: мейрам (meiram)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: майрам (mayram)
      • Southern Altai: байрам (bayram)
• Siberian:
  • South Siberian:
    • Yenisei:
      • Khakas: пай (pay)
      • Shor: пайрам (payram)

References

• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “badram”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 308
• Eren, Hasan (1999) “bayram”, in Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü [Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language] (in Turkish), Ankara: Bizim Büro Basım Evi, page 45
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “bayram”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 54
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*bajram/k”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[3], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill