Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/agsa-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Sevortjan suggets a derivation from *āg- (“to rise; to dangle”) and Nişanyan connects it to *ak- (“to flow”), however he also rejects both theories on the bases of semantics. Most other linguists consider it simplex.

Verb

*agsa-

(intransitive) to hobble, limp

Conjugation

Conjugation of *agsa- (Common Turkic)

Note: Actual conjugations can be more complex than tables below. Compound forms with the auxiliary *er- not shown.

Positive

infinitive			*agsamak
participle	present		*agsagan, agsagma, agsar
	past		*agsaduk, agsamïš
	future		*agsadačï, agsamakčï, agsasïk, agsayačak
verbal noun			*agsama, agsag, agsagu
way of doing			*agsaš
			singular			plural
			1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*agsar ben	*agsar sen	*agsar	*agsar biz	*agsar siz	*agsar
	past	simple	*agsadïm	*agsadïŋ	*agsadï	*agsadïk, agsadïmïz	*agsadïŋïz	*agsadï
	past	inferential	*agsamïš ben	*agsamïš sen	*agsamïš	*agsamïš biz	*agsamïš siz	*agsamïš
	future	simple	*agsadačï ben, agsamakčï ben, agsayačak ben	*agsadačï sen, agsamakčï sen, agsayačak sen	*agsadačï, agsamakčï, agsayačak	*agsadačï biz, agsamakčï biz, agsayačak biz	*agsadačï siz, agsamakčï siz, agsayačak siz	*agsadačï, agsamakčï, agsayačak
		predictive	*agsagay ben	*agsagay sen	*agsagay	*agsagay biz	*agsagay siz	*agsagay
		necessitive	*agsasïkïm	*agsasïkïŋ	*agsasïk	*agsasïkïmïz	*agsasïkïŋïz	*agsasïk
conditional			*agsasam, agsasar ben	*agsasaŋ, agsasar sen	*agsasa, agsasar	*agsasak, agsasamïz, agsasar biz	*agsasaŋïz, agsasar siz	*agsasalar, agsasar
optative			*agsagay ben	*agsagay sen	*agsagay	*agsagay biz	*agsagay siz	*agsagay
progressive			*agsamakda ben	*agsamakda sen	*agsamakda	*agsamakda biz	*agsamakda siz	*agsamakda
necessitative			*agsamalïg ben	*agsamalïg sen	*agsamalïg	*agsamalïg biz	*agsamalïg siz	*agsamalïg
imperative			*agsayayïn	*agsa, agsagïl	*agsazun	*agsayalïm	*agsayïŋ	*agsazun

Negative

infinitive			*agsamamak
participle	present		*agsamagan, agsamagma, agsamaz
	past		*agsamaduk, agsamamïš
	future		*agsamačï, agsamasïk, agsamayačak
verbal noun			*agsamama, agsamag, agsamagu
way of doing			*agsamaš
			singular			plural
			1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*agsamaz ben	*agsamaz sen	*agsamaz	*agsamaz biz	*agsamaz siz	*agsamaz
	past	simple	*agsamadïm	*agsamadïŋ	*agsamadï	*agsamadïk, agsamadïmïz	*agsamadïŋïz	*agsamadï
	past	inferential	*agsamamïš ben	*agsamamïš sen	*agsamamïš	*agsamamïš biz	*agsamamïš siz	*agsamamïš
	future	simple	*agsamačï ben, agsamayačak ben	*agsamačï sen, agsamayačak sen	*agsamačï, agsamayačak	*agsamačï biz, agsamayačak biz	*agsamačï siz, agsamayačak siz	*agsamačï, agsamayačak
		predictive	*agsamagay ben	*agsamagay sen	*agsamagay	*agsamagay biz	*agsamagay siz	*agsamagay
		necessitive	*agsamasïkïm	*agsamasïkïŋ	*agsamasïk	*agsamasïkïmïz	*agsamasïkïŋïz	*agsamasïk
conditional			*agsamasam, agsamasar ben	*agsamasaŋ, agsamasar sen	*agsamasa, agsamasar	*agsamasak, agsamasamïz, agsamasar biz	*agsamasaŋïz, agsamasar siz	*agsamasalar, agsamasar
optative			*agsamagay ben	*agsamagay sen	*agsamagay	*agsamagay biz	*agsamagay siz	*agsamagay
progressive			*agsamamakda ben	*agsamamakda sen	*agsamamakda	*agsamamakda biz	*agsamamakda siz	*agsamamakda
necessitative			*agsamamalïg ben	*agsamamalïg sen	*agsamamalïg	*agsamamalïg biz	*agsamamalïg siz	*agsamamalïg
imperative			*agsamayayïn	*agsama, agsamagïl	*agsamazun	*agsamayalïm	*agsamayïŋ	*agsamazun

Derived terms

⇒ *agsa-k (“lame”)

Descendants

Common Turkic: *aksa-

Proto-Oghuz: *aksa-
- West Oghuz:
  - Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (aqsamaq)
    - Azerbaijani: axsamaq
    - Ottoman Turkish: آقسامق (aksamak)
      - Turkish: aksamak
Kipchak:
- Kipchak: اقساماق (aqsamaq)
  - North Kipchak:
    - Bashkir: аҡһау (aqhaw, “to limp”), аҡһандау (aqhandaw, “to limp slightly”), аҡһаҡ (aqhaq, “lame, limping”)
  - West Kipchak:
    - Crimean Tatar: aqsamaq
  - South Kipchak:
    - Kazakh: ақсаңдау (aqsañdau)
  - East Kipchak:
    - Kyrgyz: акса- (aksa-), аксаңда- (aksaŋda-)
    - Southern Altai: акса- (aksa-), аксаҥ- (aksaŋ-), аксаҥда- (aksaŋda-)
Siberian:
- Old Turkic:
  - Old Uyghur: ʾʾqsʾ- (aɣsa-/aqsa-/axsa-)

References

Clauson, Gerard (1972) “axsa:-”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 95
al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943
Sevortjan, E. V. (1974) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Nauka, page 76
Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “aksamak”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 9
Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*agsa-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill