Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kosъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology 1

Per Derksen, probably from an earlier *kopsъ, related to Ancient Greek κόψιχος (kópsikhos), κόσσυφος (kóssuphos), although the variation in the Greek forms suggests a pre-Greek substratum word.

Noun

*kȍsъ m

1. blackbird

   Synonym: *drozdъ

Declension

Declension of *kȍsъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm c)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kȍsъ	*kȍsa	*kȍsi
genitive	*kȍsa	*kosù	*kòsъ
dative	*kȍsu	*kosomà	*kosòmъ
accusative	*kȍsъ	*kȍsa	*kȍsy
instrumental	*kȍsъmь, *kȍsomь*	*kosomà	*kosý
locative	*kȍsě	*kosù	*kosě̃xъ
vocative	*kose	*kȍsa	*kȍsi

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

• *kosovъ
  • ⇒ Serbo-Croatian: Kosovo, Косово (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Russian: кос (kos) (archaic, dialectal)
  • Ukrainian: кіс (kis) (dialectal)
• South Slavic:
  • Bulgarian: кос (kos)
  • Macedonian: кос (kos)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: ко̑с

    Latin script: kȏs

  • Slovene: kọ̑s (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: kos
    • Czech: kos
  • Polish: kos
  • Slovak: kos (dialectal)
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: kós
    • Lower Sorbian: kós

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “кос”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1984), “*kosъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 11 (*konьcь – *kotьna(ja)), Moscow: Nauka, page 175
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1979), “кос¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 2 (и – крепя̀), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 652

Etymology 2

Continues Proto-Indo-European *kosós (possibly Proto-Indo-European *kosús, based on the doublet *kosvenъ), from Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to scratch”) or depalatalized Proto-Indo-European *ḱes- (“to castrate, to prune”).

Adjective

*kȍsъ

1. skew, slanted

   Synonym: *krivъ

   Antonym: *otъvěsьnъ

Declension

Indefinite declension of *kosъ (hard, accent paradigm c)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*kosъ	*kosa	*koso
genitive	*kosa	*kosy	*kosa
dative	*kosu	*kosě	*kosu
accusative	*kosъ	*kosǫ	*koso
instrumental	*kosomь	*kosojǫ	*kosomь
locative	*kosě	*kosě	*kosě
vocative	*kose	*koso	*koso
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*kosa	*kosě	*kosě
genitive	*kosu	*kosu	*kosu
dative	*kosoma	*kosama	*kosoma
accusative	*kosa	*kosě	*kosě
instrumental	*kosoma	*kosama	*kosoma
locative	*kosu	*kosu	*kosu
vocative	*kosa	*kosě	*kosě
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*kosi	*kosy	*kosa
genitive	*kosъ	*kosъ	*kosъ
dative	*kosomъ	*kosamъ	*kosomъ
accusative	*kosy	*kosy	*kosa
instrumental	*kosy	*kosami	*kosy
locative	*kosěxъ	*kosaxъ	*kosěxъ
vocative	*kosi	*kosy	*kosa

Definite declension of *kosъ (hard, accent paradigm c)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*kosъjь	*kosaja	*kosoje
genitive	*kosajego	*kosyję̇	*kosajego
dative	*kosujemu	*kosěji	*kosujemu
accusative	*kosъjь	*kosǫjǫ	*kosoje
instrumental	*kosyjimь	*kosǫjǫ	*kosyjimь
locative	*kosějemь	*kosěji	*kosějemь
vocative	*kosъjь	*kosaja	*kosoje
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*kosaja	*kosěji	*kosěji
genitive	*kosuju	*kosuju	*kosuju
dative	*kosyjima	*kosyjima	*kosyjima
accusative	*kosaja	*kosěji	*kosěji
instrumental	*kosyjima	*kosyjima	*kosyjima
locative	*kosuju	*kosuju	*kosuju
vocative	*kosaja	*kosěji	*kosěji
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*kosiji	*kosyję̇	*kosaja
genitive	*kosъjixъ	*kosъjixъ	*kosъjixъ
dative	*kosyjimъ	*kosyjimъ	*kosyjimъ
accusative	*kosyję̇	*kosyję̇	*kosaja
instrumental	*kosyjimi	*kosyjimi	*kosyjimi
locative	*kosyjixъ	*kosyjixъ	*kosyjixъ
vocative	*kosiji	*kosyję̇	*kosaja

Related terms

• *česati (“to scratch, to comb”)
• *kosa (“scythe”)
• *kasati (“to tort, to concern”)
• *kosъkъ (“slightly tilted, out of balance”)
• *kosьnъ (“curved, tilted”)

Derived terms

• *kosvenъ (“indirect”)
• *kositi (“to mow”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: косъ (kosŭ)
    • Belarusian: ко́сы (kósy)
    • Russian: косо́й (kosój)
    • Ukrainian: ко́сий (kósyj)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: косъ (kosŭ)

    Glagolitic script: ⰽⱁⱄⱏ (kosŭ)

  • Bulgarian: ко́с (kós)
  • Macedonian: кос (kos)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: ко̑с

    Latin script: kȏs

  • Slovene: kọ̑s (tonal orthography) (archaic)
• West Slavic:
  • Czech: kosý
  • Polish: kosy
  • Slovak: kosý
  • Sorbian:
    • Lower Sorbian: kosy
    • Upper Sorbian: kosy

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “косо́й”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1984), “*kosъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 11 (*konьcь – *kotьna(ja)), Moscow: Nauka, page 177
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1979), “кос²”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 2 (и – крепя̀), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 652