Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gvězda

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gwaizdāˀ / *źwaizdāˀ (*gwaiźdāˀ / *źwaiźdāˀ?), from Proto-Indo-European:

• Derksen: *ǵʰwoyǵʰ-dʰeh₁- / *ǵʰwoydʰ-dʰeh₁-.
• ЭССЯ: *ǵʰwoy-steh₂ (“standing luminary”), from *ǵʰwoy- (var. *gʷʰay-) + *steh₂- (“to stand”) (cf. *stē̆r-).
• Vasmer: probably last syllable contains *dʰē- (“to put, place”)
• Pokorny: *ǵʰwoygʷ-(e)s-d-eh₂ (*-(e)s- stem, *-d(eh₂)), from *ǵʰwoygʷ- (“to shine; star”).

Baltic cognates include Lithuanian žvaigždė̃, Samogitian žvaiždie, Latvian zvàigzne, Old Prussian Asg. swāigstan.

Indo-European cognates include Ossetian ӕвзи́ст (ævzíst) / ӕвзестӕ (ævzestæ, “silver”) (< Old Ossetic *zvestæ).

Noun

*gvě̄zdà f

1. star

Inflection

Declension of *gvě̄zdà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm b)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gvě̄zdà	*gvě̃zdě	*gvě̄zdỳ
genitive	*gvě̄zdỳ	*gvě̄zdù	*gvě̃zdъ
dative	*gvě̄zdě̀	*gvě̄zdàma	*gvě̄zdàmъ
accusative	*gvě̄zdǫ̀	*gvě̃zdě	*gvě̄zdỳ
instrumental	*gvě̄zdòjǫ, *gvě̃zdǫ**	*gvě̄zdàma	*gvě̄zdàmī
locative	*gvě̄zdě̀	*gvě̄zdù	*gvě̄zdàsъ, *gvě̄zdàxъ*
vocative	*gvězdo	*gvě̃zdě	*gvě̄zdỳ

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Alternative forms

• *zvězda

Derived terms

• *gvězdatъ
• *gvězdьnъ

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: звѣзда (zvězda)
    • Old Ruthenian: звѣзда (zvězda)
      • Belarusian: звязда́ (zvjazdá) (archaic)
      • Carpathian Rusyn: звізда́ (zvizdá)
      • Ukrainian: звізда́ (zvizdá) (archaic)
    • Russian: звезда́ (zvezdá)
  • Old Novgorodian: *гвѣзда (*gvězda)
    • ⇒ Old Novgorodian: гвѣздъка (gvězdŭka)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: ѕвѣзда (dzvězda), звѣзда (zvězda)

    Glagolitic script: ⰷⰲⱑⰸⰴⰰ (dzvězda), ⰸⰲⱑⰸⰴⰰ (zvězda)

    • Bulgarian: звезда́ (zvezdá), звя́зда (zvjázda), дзвя́зда (dzvjázda) (dialectal)
    • Macedonian: ѕвезда (dzvezda)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: зве́зда, звије́зда, зви́зда

    Latin script: zvézda, zvijézda, zvízda

  • Slovene: zvẹ́zda (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: hvězda
    • Czech: hvězda
      • Bohemian: vězda
  • Old Polish:
    • Polish: gwiazda, gwiázda (dialectal, obsolete)
    • Silesian: gwiŏzda
  • Old Slovak: hviezda, hvezda, hvízda
    • Pannonian Rusyn: гвизда (hvizda)
    • Slovak: hviezda, (dialectal) hvizda
  • Polabian: gjozdă
  • Pomeranian:
    • Kashubian: gwiôzda
    • Slovincian: gwjozda
  • Sorbian:
    • Lower Sorbian: gwězda
    • Upper Sorbian: hwězda

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “звезда”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “звезда”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 1 (а – пантомима), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 319
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gvězda”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 181