Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/groziti

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *graź-. Cognate with Lithuanian gražóti (“to threaten”), Latvian gręzôt (“to threaten”). Vasmer adds as possible candidates Ancient Greek γοργός (gorgós, “terrible”), Γοργώ (Gorgṓ, “gorgon”), Irish garg, gargg (“harsh, wild”), gráin (“disgrace”) < *gragnis; however, Derksen rejects the comparison with γοργός (gorgós) as "formally impossible". Chernykh notes that Lithuanian grasà (“threat”), grasùs (“threatening”), grasìnti (“to threaten”) are often given as cognates, but the comparison is difficult because of the mismatch between Lithuanian s and Slavic *z.

Verb

*grozìti impf

1. to threaten

Inflection

Conjugation of *groziti, *grozi, *grozitь (impf., -i-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*groženьje	*groziti	*grozitъ	*grozilъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*groženъ	*grozimъ
Active	*grožь	*grozę

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*grozixъ	*grozi	*grozi	*grožǫ	*groziši	*grozitь
Dual	*grozixově	*grozista	*groziste	*grozivě	*grozita	*grozite
Plural	*grozixomъ	*groziste	*grozišę	*grozimъ	*grozite	*grozętь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*grožaaxъ	*grožaaše	*grožaaše	—	*grozi	*grozi
Dual	*grožaaxově	*grožaašeta	*grožaašete	*grozivě	*grozita	—
Plural	*grožaaxomъ	*grožaašete	*grožaaxǫ	*grozimъ	*grozite	—

Notes:
• (*)*grozivъ is a later doublet of the past active participle

Related terms

• *grozà (“horror”)
• *grozьnъ (“terrible”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: грозити (groziti) (10th century)
    • Belarusian: гразі́ць (hrazícʹ)
    • Russian: грози́ть (grozítʹ)
    • Ukrainian: грози́ти (hrozýty)
• South Slavic:
  • Bulgarian: грозя́ (grozjá)
  • Macedonian: грози (grozi)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: гро̀зити, гро́зити

    Latin: gròziti, gróziti

  • Slovene: grozīti (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Czech: hrozit
  • Polish: grozić
  • Slovak: hroziť
  • Slovincian: grôzëc
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: hrozyć
    • Lower Sorbian: grozyś

Further reading

• Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “гроза́”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 1 (а – пантомима), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 219
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*groziti”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 143
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “гроза́”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress