Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/d-wam

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This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

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Etymology

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  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *dɣwjəm (Coblin, 1986)
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *d-wam (Matisoff, STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Weidert, 1987); *d-wam(*A) (Coblin, 1986); *d-wɑm (Chou, 1972)

Old Chinese had *-m final, as suggested by Shuowen (炎 (yán) - phonetic), which is preserved only in a few Min dialects, e.g. Amoy, Fu'an, Yong'an; elsewhere the final changed mainly to -ŋ.

Other languages in East Asia have words which look similar to the OC form: Korean 곰 (gom, “bear”), Japanese 熊 (kuma); also, compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *[k]mum (“bear, black bear”) (Mon ကၟဳ (mɛm), Khmer ឃ្មុំ (kmum) (as in ខ្លាឃ្មុំ (klaa kmum, “sun bear”))), Vietnamese hùm (“tiger”).

The Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus), whose habitat was probably one of the closest to the Proto-Sino-Tibetan Urheimat, hence the species that this PST root might have originally referred to.

Noun

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*d-wam

  1. bear

Descendants

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  • Old Chinese: 熊 /*C.ɢʷəm/ (B-S) /*ɢʷlɯm/ (ZS) (“bear”)
    • Middle Chinese: 熊 /ɦɨuŋ/
      • Mandarin:
        • Beijing: 熊 (xióng) /ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵/
      • Cantonese:
        • Guangzhou-Hong Kong: 熊 (hung4) /hʊŋ²¹/
      • Wu:
        • Shanghainese: 熊 (6yon) /ɦiʊ̆ŋ²³/
    • Min:
      • Coastal Min:
        • Min Nan:
          • Hokkien:
            • Taiwan: 熊 /him²⁴/
  • Himalayish
    • Tibeto-Kanauri
      • Bodic
        • Tibetan
        • Eastern Bodish:
  • Tangut-Qiang
    • Northern Tangut
      • Tangut: 𗴈 (*dow²) /dõ³⁵/
    • rGyalrongic
  • Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
    • Lolo-Burmese
      • Burmish
      • Loloish
        • Northern Loloish
          • Yi (Liangshan): ꊈ (wo, “bear”)
  • Proto-Karen: *thamᴬ (Luangthongkum, 2013)
  • Proto-Kuki-Chin: *wom

See also

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