Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/raʕd-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*raʕd- m

thunder

Declension

Declension of *raʕd-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*raʕdum

*raʕdāna

plural stem + *-ūna

Genitive

*raʕdim

*raʕdayna

plural stem + *-īna

Accusative

*raʕdam

possessive forms

1st person

*raʕdī / *raʕdVya

—

*raʕdVni

2nd person m

*raʕdVka

*raʕdVkumā / *raʕdVkumay

*raʕdVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*raʕdVki

*raʕdVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*raʕdVšu

*raʕdVšumā / *raʕdVšumay

*raʕdVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*raʕdVša

*raʕdVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *raʕduya for nom. case, *raʕdiya for gen. case, *raʕdaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *raʕd-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*raʕduka	*raʕdāka	plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive	*raʕdika	*raʕdayka	plural stem + *-īka
Accusative	*raʕdaka	*raʕdayka	plural stem + *-īka

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *raʕd-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*raʕduki	*raʕdāki	plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive	*raʕdiki	*raʕdayki	plural stem + *-īki
Accusative	*raʕdaki	*raʕdayki	plural stem + *-īki

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒊏𒀀𒁺𒌝 (rādum)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: رَعْد (raʕd)
    - Maltese: ragħad
    - Moroccan Arabic: رعد (raʕd)
    - → Persian: رعد (ra'd)
    - → Swahili: radi
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Amorite:
      - Ugaritic: 𐎗𐎓𐎚 (rʿt)
    - Aramaic:
      - Christian Palestinian Aramaic: ܪܥܕ (rʿd)
- South Semitic:
  - Ethiopian Semitic:
    - Harari: ራእዲ (raʾdi)
    - Argobba: ራኣድ (raʾad)

References

Kogan, Leonid (2011) “Proto-Semitic Lexicon”, in Weninger, Stefan, editor, The Semitic Languages. An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft – Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science; 36), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 194