Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ḳarib-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Verb

*ḳarib-

1. to be near, to be close; to come near, to approach

Related terms

• *ḳarrib- (“to bring, to offer”)

Conjugation

Conjugation of Proto-Semitic/ḳarib- (paʕala)

verbal noun					*ḳarb-
active participle					*ḳārib-
passive participle					*ḳarīb-, *ḳarūb-
		singular				dual				plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
perfect	m	*ḳarabku	*ḳarabka	*ḳaraba		*ḳarabkayā	*ḳarabkā	*ḳarabā		*ḳarabna	*ḳarabkanu	*ḳarabū
	f		*ḳarabki	*ḳarabat				*ḳarabatā			*ḳarabkina	*ḳarabā
imperfect	m	*ʔaḳrab	*taḳrab	*yiḳrab		*taḳrabā	*yaḳrabā	*niḳrab		*taḳrabū	*yiḳrabū
	f		*taḳrabī	*taḳrab			*taḳrabā			*taḳrabā	*yiḳrabā
imperative	m		*ḳarab			*ḳarabā				*ḳarabū
	f		*ḳarabī							*ḳarabā

Derived terms

• *ḳarV̄b-u-m (C₁aC₂V̄C₃ pattern verbal adjective)
  • Arabic: قَرِيبٌ (qarībun) (see there for further descendants)
  • Hebrew: קָרוֹב (qārôḇ)

Descendants

• East Semitic:
  • Akkadian: 𒆪𒉡 (/⁠qarābum, qerēbum⁠/, “to be near; to come near”)
• West Semitic:
  • Central Semitic:
    • Arabic: قَرِبَ (qariba) and قَرُبَ (qaruba, “to be near, to come near”)
      • Hijazi Arabic: قرب (garrab)
      • Maltese: qrib
  • Northwest Semitic:
    • Aramaic:
      • Imperial Aramaic: 𐡒𐡓𐡁 (qəraḇ)
      • Palmyrene Aramaic: 𐡳𐡴𐡡 (qəraḇ)
      • Hatran Aramaic: 𐣲𐣡𐣣 (qəraḇ)
      • Biblical Aramaic, Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, Jewish Literary Aramaic, Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: קְרֵב (qərēḇ, “to come near”)
      • Nabataean Aramaic: 𐢚𐢛𐢂 (qəraḇ)
      • Classical Syriac: ܩܪܶܒ (qəreḇ, “to come near”)
      • Classical Mandaic: ࡒࡓࡁ
    • Canaanite:
      • Hebrew: קָרַב (karáv, qāraḇ, “to approach”)
      • Phoenician: 𐤒𐤓𐤁 (qrb)
    • Ugaritic: 𐎖𐎗𐎁 (qrb /⁠qariba⁠/, “to approach; to be close to”)
  • Old South Arabian: 𐩤𐩧𐩨 (qrb, “to be near; to come near”)
  • Modern South Arabian:
    • Mehri: ḳɔ́rɔ́b, ḳérǝb
    • Shehri: ḳérəb
  • Ethiopian:
    • Amharic: ቀረበ (ḳärräbä)
    • Argobba: ቀረባ (ḳärräba)
    • Ge'ez: ቀረበ, ቀርበ (ḳäräbä, ḳärbä, “to be near, to come near”)
    • Gurage: ቀረበ (ḳäräbä)
    • Harari: ቀረባ (ḳäräba)
    • Tigre: ቀርባ (ḳärba)
    • Tigrinya: ቀረበ (ḳäräbä)

References

• Bravmann, Mëir Max (1977) “Semitic Instances of “Linguistic Taboo”. A. Akkadian qarābu “to be offered as a sacrifice” and Related Expressions”, in Studies in Semitic Philology (Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics; 6), Leiden: E. J. Brill, →ISBN, pages 465–477
• Hoftijzer, J, Jongeling, K. (1995) Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions (Handbuch der Orientalistik. Erste Abteilung, Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten; 21), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill, pages 1028–1030
• Leslau, Wolf (1991) Comparative Dictionary of Geʿez (Classical Ethiopic), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 440
• Speiser, Ephraim Avigdor (1936) “Studies in Semitic Formatives”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society, volume 56, number 1, →DOI, page 35