Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ḳarḳar-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*ḳarḳar- m or f

1. ground, floor

Inflection

Declension of *ḳarḳar-

Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ḳarḳarum	*ḳarḳarāna	plural stem + *-ūna
Genitive	*ḳarḳarim	*ḳarḳarayna	plural stem + *-īna
Accusative	*ḳarḳaram
possessive forms
1st person	*ḳarḳarī / *ḳarḳarVya	—	*ḳarḳarVni
2nd person m	*ḳarḳarVka	*ḳarḳarVkumā / *ḳarḳarVkumay	*ḳarḳarVkum(ū)
2nd person f	*ḳarḳarVki		*ḳarḳarVkin(ā)
3rd person m	*ḳarḳarVšu	*ḳarḳarVšumā / *ḳarḳarVšumay	*ḳarḳarVšum(ū)
3rd person f	*ḳarḳarVša		*ḳarḳarVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ḳarḳaruya for nom. case, *ḳarḳariya for gen. case, *ḳarḳaraya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ḳarḳar- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *ḳarḳaruka *ḳarḳarāka plural stem + *-ūka Genitive *ḳarḳarika *ḳarḳarayka plural stem + *-īka Accusative *ḳarḳaraka Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ḳarḳar- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *ḳarḳaruki *ḳarḳarāki plural stem + *-ūki Genitive *ḳarḳariki *ḳarḳarayki plural stem + *-īki Accusative *ḳarḳaraki

Declension of *ḳarḳar-

Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ḳarḳarum	*ḳarḳarāna	*ḳarḳarātum
Genitive	*ḳarḳarim	*ḳarḳarayna	*ḳarḳarātim
Accusative	*ḳarḳaram
possessive forms
1st person	*ḳarḳarī / *ḳarḳarVya	—	*ḳarḳarVni
2nd person m	*ḳarḳarVka	*ḳarḳarVkumā / *ḳarḳarVkumay	*ḳarḳarVkum(ū)
2nd person f	*ḳarḳarVki		*ḳarḳarVkin(ā)
3rd person m	*ḳarḳarVšu	*ḳarḳarVšumā / *ḳarḳarVšumay	*ḳarḳarVšum(ū)
3rd person f	*ḳarḳarVša		*ḳarḳarVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ḳarḳaruya for nom. case, *ḳarḳariya for gen. case, *ḳarḳaraya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ḳarḳar- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *ḳarḳaruka *ḳarḳarāka *ḳarḳarātuka Genitive *ḳarḳarika *ḳarḳarayka *ḳarḳarātika Accusative *ḳarḳaraka Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ḳarḳar- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *ḳarḳaruki *ḳarḳarāki *ḳarḳarātuki Genitive *ḳarḳariki *ḳarḳarayki *ḳarḳarātiki Accusative *ḳarḳaraki

Reconstruction notes

Like *kabkab- (“star”), originally from a disyllabic root. In many reflexes a dissimilation *r-r > *r-ʕ occurred.

Descendants

• East Semitic:
  • Akkadian: 𒆠 (qaqqarum)
• West Semitic:
  • Central Semitic:
    • Arabic: قَرْقَر (qarqar)
    • Northwest Semitic:
      • Aramaic:
        • Jewish Palestinian Aramaic: קרקע (ḳrḳʿ)
        • Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: קַרְקְעָא (ḳarḳəʿā)
      • Canaanite:
        • Hebrew: קַרְקַע (karká, qarqaʿ)
  • Modern South Arabian:
    • Soqotri: ḳárḳahar

References

• Růžička, Rudolf (1909) “Konsonantische Dissimilation in den semitischen Sprachen”, in Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft‎^[1] (in German), volume VI, number 4, Leipzig · Baltimore: J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung · The Johns Hopkins Press, page 17
• Kogan, Leonid (2011) “Proto-Semitic Lexicon”, in Weninger, Stefan, editor, The Semitic Languages. An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft – Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science; 36), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 189