Unknown. Perhaps cognate with Central Atlas Tamazight ⵉⵜⵔⵉ ( itri ) and Proto-Chadic *təra Hausa tàurārṑ Proto-Afroasiatic Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr ( “ star ” ) has also been suggested, perhaps by way of an Anatolian
*ʕaṯtar- f
name of a star goddess Astarte , Ishtar
Declension of *ʕaṯtar-
Case
Singular
Dual
Plural
Nominative
*ʕaṯtarum
*ʕaṯtarāna
*ʕaṯtarātum
Genitive
*ʕaṯtarim
*ʕaṯtarayna
*ʕaṯtarātim
Accusative
*ʕaṯtaram
possessive forms
1st person
*ʕaṯtarī / *ʕaṯtarVya
—
*ʕaṯtarVni
2nd person m
*ʕaṯtarVka
*ʕaṯtarVkumā / *ʕaṯtarVkumay
*ʕaṯtarVkum(ū)
2nd person f
*ʕaṯtarVki
*ʕaṯtarVkin(ā)
3rd person m
*ʕaṯtarVšu
*ʕaṯtarVšumā / *ʕaṯtarVšumay
*ʕaṯtarVšum(ū)
3rd person f
*ʕaṯtarVša
*ʕaṯtarVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form , which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.
Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ʕaṯtaruya for nom. case, *ʕaṯtariya for gen. case, *ʕaṯtaraya for acc. case, etc.
Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ʕaṯtar-
Singular
Dual
Plural
Nominative
*ʕaṯtaruka
*ʕaṯtarāka
*ʕaṯtarātuka
Genitive
*ʕaṯtarika
*ʕaṯtarayka
*ʕaṯtarātika
Accusative
*ʕaṯtaraka
Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ʕaṯtar-
Singular
Dual
Plural
Nominative
*ʕaṯtaruki
*ʕaṯtarāki
*ʕaṯtarātuki
Genitive
*ʕaṯtariki
*ʕaṯtarayki
*ʕaṯtarātiki
Accusative
*ʕaṯtaraki
East Semitic:
Akkadian: 𒀭𒈹 ( Ištar )
Eblaite: 𒀭𒈹 ( d MUŠ₃, d INANNA/Ašdar/ )
West Semitic:
Central Semitic:
Ancient North Arabian: 𐪒𐪛𐪉𐪑𐪇 ( ʿAṯtar ) [ 1]
Northwest-Semitic:
Amorite: 𒀭𒀹𒁯 ( d iš₈-dar, d iš₈-tar₂/ʿaṯtar(t)i/ , Akkadian heterogram ) Ugaritic: 𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗 ( ʿṯtr /ʿAṯtar/ ) , 𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚 ( ʿṯtrt /ʿAṯtartu/ )
Aramaic:
Old Aramaic: 𐡏𐡕𐡓 ( ʿAttar ) [ 3] [ 1] → Akkadian: 𒀭𒀀𒋻 ( d a-tar/Atar/ ) , 𒀭𒀜𒋻 ( d at-tar/Attar/ ) [ 3] → Ancient North Arabian: 𐪒𐪉𐪇 ( ʿAttar ) [ 3]
Canaanite:
→ Egyptian: ( ꜥsṯrt ) , ( ꜥsṯjrṯt ) , ( ꜥꜣstjr ) , ( ꜥꜣsjty ) , ( ꜥsṯt ) , ( ꜥsṯrdt )
Old South Arabian: 𐩲𐩻𐩩𐩧 ( ʿṯtr ) , 𐩲𐩯𐩩𐩧𐩣 ( ʿśtrm ) [ 3] [ 1]
Ethiopian Semitic:
Ge'ez: ዐስተር ( ʿästär , “ heaven, sky ” ) → Amharic: አስታር ( ʾästar ) , ኣስተር ( ʾastär , “ star ” ) → Blin: ኣስተር ( astär , “ sky ” ) → Tigre: ዓስተር ( ʿastär , “ heaven ” )
↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Lipiński, Edward (2006 ) On the Skirts of Canaan in the Iron Age: Historical and Topographical Researches (Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta), volume 153 , Leuven , Belgium : Peeters Publishers , →ISBN 413 ^ Lipiński, Edward (1975 ) Studies in Aramaic Inscriptions and Onomastics (Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta), volume 1, Leuven , Belgium : Leuven University Press , →ISBN 58–76 ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Lipiński, Edward (2000 ) The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion (Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta), volume 100 , Leuven , Belgium : Peeters Publishers , →ISBN 607-613 ^ Lipiński, Edward (1995 ) Dieux et déesses de l'univers phénicien et punique (Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta) (in French), volume 64 , Leuven , Belgium : Peeters Publishers , →ISBN 411-412 Aren Wilson-Wright (2016), Athtart: The Transmission and Transformation of a Goddess in the Late Bronze Age , →ISBN
“strˀ ”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project , Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986– “ˁštrt ”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project , Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986– Olmo Lete, Gregorio del with Sanmartín, Joaquín and Watson, Wilfred G. E. (2015 ) “ʿṯtr – ʿṯtrt”, in A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition (Handbook of Oriental Studies; 112 ), 3rd edition, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN 190–192 Leslau, Wolf (1991 ) Comparative Dictionary of Geʿez (Classical Ethiopic) , 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN page 73 Zimmern, Heinrich (1915 ) Akkadische Fremdwörter als Beweis für babylonischen Kultureinfluss (in German), Leipzig: A. Edelmann, page 61 
