Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʔayyal-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*ʔayyal- m

1. stag, hart

Inflection

Declension of *ʔayyal-

Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ʔayyalum	*ʔayyalāna	plural stem + *-ūna
Genitive	*ʔayyalim	*ʔayyalayna	plural stem + *-īna
Accusative	*ʔayyalam
possessive forms
1st person	*ʔayyalī / *ʔayyalVya	—	*ʔayyalVni
2nd person m	*ʔayyalVka	*ʔayyalVkumā / *ʔayyalVkumay	*ʔayyalVkum(ū)
2nd person f	*ʔayyalVki		*ʔayyalVkin(ā)
3rd person m	*ʔayyalVšu	*ʔayyalVšumā / *ʔayyalVšumay	*ʔayyalVšum(ū)
3rd person f	*ʔayyalVša		*ʔayyalVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ʔayyaluya for nom. case, *ʔayyaliya for gen. case, *ʔayyalaya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ʔayyal- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *ʔayyaluka *ʔayyalāka plural stem + *-ūka Genitive *ʔayyalika *ʔayyalayka plural stem + *-īka Accusative *ʔayyalaka Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ʔayyal- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *ʔayyaluki *ʔayyalāki plural stem + *-ūki Genitive *ʔayyaliki *ʔayyalayki plural stem + *-īki Accusative *ʔayyalaki

Descendants

• East Semitic:
  • Akkadian: 𒁰𒈦 (ayyalum)
• West Semitic:
  • Central Semitic:
    • Arabic: أُيَّل (ʔuyyal), أَيِّل (ʔayyil), إِيَّل (ʔiyyal), أَيَّل (ʔayyal)
      • Maltese: ajl (perhaps)
      • → Classical Persian: ایل (oyyal, “deer, stag”)
    • Northwest Semitic:
      • Aramaic:

        Jewish Palestinian Aramaic: איילה

        Christian Palestinian Aramaic: ܐܝܐܠܐ

        Jewish Literary Aramaic: אַיָּלָא (ʾayyālā), אַיָּילָא (ʾayyālā)

        Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אַיְילָא (ʾaylā)

        • Classical Syriac: ܐܰܝܠܳܐ (ʾaylā)
      • Canaanite:
        • Hebrew: אַיָּל (ayál, ʾayyāl, “stag”), אַיִל (áyil, ʾáyil, “ram”)
        • Phoenician: 𐤀𐤉𐤋 (ʾyl /⁠ʾayl⁠/, “ram”)
      • Ugaritic: 𐎀𐎊𐎍 (ảyl /⁠ʾayyalu⁠/)
    • Old South Arabian:
      • Old South Arabian: 𐩱𐩺𐩡 (ʾyl, “ibex”)
  • Ethiopian Semitic:
    • Ge'ez: ሀየል (häyyäl, “ibex”), ኀየል (ḫäyyäl)
• → Coptic: ⲉⲓⲟⲩⲗ (eioul)
• → Old Armenian: անալութ (analutʻ)