Reconstruction:Proto-Ryukyuan/kuru

This Proto-Ryukyuan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Ryukyuan

Etymology

From Proto-Japonic *kuru (“painful, stressful, suffering”).

Adjective

*kuru

1. painful, stressful, suffering

   Synonym: *kutu

Descendants

• Northern Ryukyuan:
  • Kikai: 苦さい (-gurusai) (only used as a suffix)
  • Kunigami: 苦ーしぇん (-gurūshen, -gurīshen) (only used as a suffix)
  • Northern Amami Ōshima: 苦しゃり (xurushari)
  • Okinawan: 苦さん (kurisan)
  • Okinoerabu: 苦しゃん (gurushan)
  • Southern Amami Ōshima: 苦しさむっ (gurushisam) (possibly a Japanese loanword)
  • Tokunoshima: 苦しゃい (xurushai), 苦い (goroi), 苦ーい (xwëëi)
  • Yoron: 苦しゃん (gusshan, gurushan)
• Southern Ryukyuan:
  • Miyako: 苦 (guri)
  • Yaeyama: 苦しゃーん (kurishān)
  • Yonaguni: 苦さん (-'ngurisan) (only used as a suffix)