Reconstruction:Proto-Japonic/pantukasi

This Proto-Japonic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Japonic

Etymology

*⟨pantu(i) -ka -si⟩ → */pantukasi/

Derived from, or related to verb *pantu (“to be ashamed”) or its derivative noun *pantuy (“shame”).

• If deriving from a compound, an analysis suggests these theories:
  • The *⟨-ka⟩ suffix might be an adjectival suffix. However, there are no attestations of paduka on it's own.
  • The *⟨-tukasi⟩ ending might alternatively be a reanalysis of the ending of *natukasi (“yearning for”) (whence Japanese 懐かしい (natsukashii, “nostalgic”), Kunigami 懐かせん (nachikasen), and Okinawan 懐かさん (nachikasan, “sad”)), itself deriving from 懐く (natsuku, “to get attached to, to be fond of”), ultimately from 馴れ付く (naretsuku, literally “get attached to”). However, there are no attestations of paduku ← padituku either.
  • The *⟨-si⟩ suffix is an adjectival suffix, producing adjectives with シク活用 (shiku katsuyō, “-shiku conjugation”) in Old Japanese.

Adjective

*pantukasi

1. shameful, embarrassing

Descendants

• Old Japanese: 恥づかし, 羞づかし, 辱づかし (padukasi)
  • Japanese: 恥ずかしい, 羞ずかしい, 辱ずかしい (hazukashii)
• Proto-Ryukyuan: *pazukasi
  • Northern Ryukyuan:
    • Kikai: 恥っかしゃい, 羞っかしゃい, 辱っかしゃい (fakkashai)
    • Kunigami: 恥じかしぇん, 羞じかしぇん, 辱じかしぇん (phajikashen)
    • Northern Amami Ōshima: 恥つぃ゚かしゃり, 羞つぃ゚かしゃり, 辱つぃ゚かしゃり (hatsïkashari)
    • Okinawan: 恥じかしゃん, 羞じかしゃん, 辱じかしゃん (hajikashan), 恥じかさん, 羞じかさん, 辱じかさん (hajikasan)
    • Okinoerabu: 恥じかさん, 羞じかさん, 辱じかさん (hajikashan)
    • Tokunoshima: 恥ずぃ゚かい, 羞ずぃ゚かい, 辱ずぃ゚かい (hazïkai)
    • Yoron: 恥んちかさん, 羞んちかさん, 辱んちかさん (panchikasan)
  • Southern Ryukyuan:
    • Miyako: 恥ずぃ゚かすぃ゚かい゚, 羞ずぃ゚かすぃ゚かい゚, 辱ずぃ゚かすぃ゚かい゚ (pazɿkasɿkaɿ)
    • Yaeyama: 恥つぃ゚かさーん, 羞つぃ゚かさーん, 辱つぃ゚かさーん (patsïkasān)
    • Yonaguni: 人恥んかん (ttuhankan), 人恥んかさん (ttuhankasan) (< *pito-padukasi)