Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/gʷrāt(i)s
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This Proto-Italic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Italic
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH- (“to praise”), suffixed with either *-tis, *-ts, or both as separate formations. A related formation with the past passive participle suffix also exists in Italic as *gʷrātos.
Noun
[edit]*gʷrāt(i)s f
Declension
[edit]As a consonant stem:
| consonant stemDeclension of *gʷrāt(i)s (consonant stem) | ||
|---|---|---|
| case | singular | plural |
| nominative | *gʷrāts | *gʷrātes |
| vocative | *gʷrāts | *gʷrātes |
| accusative | *gʷrātem | *gʷrātens |
| genitive | *gʷrātes, gʷrātos | *gʷrātom |
| dative | *gʷrātei | *gʷrātβos |
| ablative | *gʷrāti? gʷrāte? | *gʷrātβos |
| locative | *gʷrāti? gʷrāte? | *gʷrātβos |
As an i-stem:
| i-stemDeclension of *gʷrāt(i)s (i-stem) | ||
|---|---|---|
| case | singular | plural |
| nominative | *gʷrātis | *gʷrātēs |
| vocative | *gʷrātis | *gʷrātēs |
| accusative | *gʷrātim | *gʷrātins |
| genitive | *gʷrāteis | *gʷrātjom |
| dative | *gʷrātei | *gʷrātiβos |
| ablative | *gʷrātīd | *gʷrātiβos |
| locative | *gʷrātei | *gʷrātiβos |
Reconstruction notes
[edit]Two conflicting forms make connecting Latin grātēs and its Sabellic relatives difficult:
- Latin grātēs has genitive grātium, indicative of an i-stem declension. But Rix contends that consonant-stem inflection was ancestral to the Latin forms, due to the lack of evidence that an accusative grātīs ever existed.
- Sabellic consistently attests -om in the accusative singular, implying consonant-stem or o-stem inflection.
How to resolve this discrepancy varies wildly by source.[1]
- Untermann and Rix prefer reconstructing original *gʷrāts.
- Many others prefer original *gʷrātis.
- De Vaan reconstructs separate formations: an i-stem for Latin, and a consonant-stem for Sabellic.[2]
Descendants
[edit]- Latin: grātēs pl (see there for further descendants)
- Sabellic:
References
[edit]- ^ Untermann, Jürgen (2000) “O.p.vs. brateis”, in Wörterbuch des Oskisch-Umbrischen [Dictionary of Oscan-Umbrian] (Handbuch der italischen Dialekte; 3), Heidelberg: Winter, →ISBN, pages 149-151
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “grātus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 271