Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/xšáfnyah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From *xšápā ~ *xšáfnah (“night”) +‎ *-yah.^[1]

Noun

*xšáfnyah

evening
evening meal, supper

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬟𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬀 (xšafniia)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Sogdian:
  Manichaean script: 𐫟𐫢𐫀𐫖 (xšʾm)
  
  Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (xšʾm)
  
  Sogdian script: 𐼰𐼲𐽁𐼰𐼺 (ʾɣšʾm)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Pashto: شومه (šúma)
- Proto-Sanglechi-Ishkashimi:
  - Ishkashimi: [script needed] (feršun)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Gilaki: [script needed] (šåm)
- Mazanderani: [script needed] (ašun, “night before last”)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Bashkardi:
  - Minabi: [script needed] (šohm)
- Old Persian: *xšāfnyah^[2]
  - Middle Persian:
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (šʾm /⁠šām⁠/)
    - Classical Persian: شام (šâm)
      - Dari: شام (šâm)
      - Persian: شام (šâm)
      - Tajik: шом (šom)
      - → Ottoman Turkish: شام (şâm)
→ Old Georgian: *ვახშამი (*vaxšami)
- Georgian: ვახშამი (vaxšami, “supper”)
  - → Svan: უ̂ახშამ (ûaxšam)
- ⇒ Old Georgian: ვახშმობა (vaxšmoba, “to have supper”)

References

^ de Vaan, Michiel (2003) Beekes, R.S.P., Lubotsky, A., Weitenberg, J.J.S., editors, The Avestan Vowels (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 12), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 70
^ Rezai Baghbidi, Hassan (2017) Middle Persian Historical Phonology, Osaka: Osaka University, page 59: “OP *xšāfnya-”

[1] Vaan, Michiel (2003) Beekes, R.S.P., Lubotsky, A., Weitenberg, J.J.S., editors, The Avestan Vowels (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 12), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 70

[2] Rezai Baghbidi, Hassan (2017) Middle Persian Historical Phonology, Osaka: Osaka University, page 59: “OP *xšāfnya-”

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