Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/yamás

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *yemHós.

Noun

*yamás m

1. pair, twin

Declension

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*yamás	*yamā́	*yamā́, -ā́s(as)
vocative	*yama	*yamā́	*yamā́, -ā́s(as)
accusative	*yamám	*yamā́	*yamā́ns
instrumental	*yamā́	*yamáybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām	*yamā́yš
ablative	*yamā́t	*yamáybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām	*yamáybʰyas
dative	*yamā́y	*yamáybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām	*yamáybʰyas
genitive	*yamásya	*yamáyās	*yamā́na(H)m
locative	*yamáy	*yamáyaw	*yamáyšu

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yamás
  • Sanskrit: यम (yamá)
    • Dardic:
      • Khowar: جمےژ (ǰamiž)
    • Helu Prakrit:
      • Sinhalese: යමා (yamā)
    • Magadhi Prakrit:
      • Bihari:
        • Bhojpuri: जेंवां (jēnvā̃)
    • Maharastri Prakrit:
      • Marathi: जवा (javā)
    • Pali: yama
• Proto-Iranian: *yamáh
  • Old Avestan: 𐬫𐬇𐬨𐬀 (yə̄ma, “twin; Jamshid, Yima”)

    Younger Avestan: 𐬫𐬌𐬨𐬀 (yima)

  • Sogdian: (/⁠Yime~ Yimi⁠/, “Yima, Jamshid”)

    Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (ymyh)

  • Middle Persian: (/⁠ǰam⁠/, “twin; Jamshid”)

    Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (jm)

    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ym)

    • Classical Persian: جم (J̌am, “Jamshid”)

      Dari: جم (J̌am)

      Iranian Persian: جم (J̌am)

      Tajik: Ҷам (Jam)

      • → Ottoman Turkish: جم (Cem, “Jamshid; king; prince”)
        • Turkish: Cem
      • → Kurdish

        Central Kurdish: جەم (J̌am)

        Northern Kurdish: Cem (J̌am)

  > Proto-Iranian: *yamahākah

  • Sogdian: (/⁠yəmāk⁠/, “twin”)

    Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (ymʼk)

    Syriac script: ܝܡܐܟ (ymʼk)

  > Proto-Iranian: *yamahakah

  • Middle Persian: (/⁠ǰamag⁠/, “Jamag, Jamshid's sister”)

    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ymk')

  • Parthian: (/⁠yamag⁠/, “twin; heavenly twin”)

    Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (ymg)

  > Proto-Iranian: *yamahīkah

  • Middle Persian: [script needed] (jmyg /⁠ǰamīg⁠/, “twin”)
  • Baluchi: جمکی (jamkì, “the branch has two branchlets”) (Perhaps)

  > Proto-Iranian: *yamahxšaytah

  • Avestan: 𐬫𐬌𐬨𐬀 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 (yima xšaēta, “radiant Yima”)
    • → Middle Persian: (/⁠ǰamšēd⁠/, “Jamshid, a mythical figure in Iranian fairytales”)

      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ymšyt')

      • Classical Persian: جمشید (J̌amšēd)

        Dari: جمشید (J̌amšēd)

        Iranian Persian: جمشید (J̌amšīd)

        Tajik: Ҷамшед (Jamšed)

        • → Kurdish

          Central Kurdish: جەمشید (J̌amšīd)

          Northern Kurdish: Cemşîd (J̌amšīd)

        • → Hindustani:

          Hindi: जमशेद (jamśed)

          Urdu: جمشید (Jamšed)

        • → Uzbek: Jamshid
• Proto-Nuristani: *yamá
  • ⇒ Proto-Nuristani: *yāmaṇa
    • Northern Nuristani:
      • Kamkata-viri:

        Kamviri: iāmṇa

        Kativiri: iāmṇa

    • Southern Nuristani:
      • Waigali: iāmūṇa
• → Proto-Finnic: *jama (see there for further descendants)
• → Proto-Samic: *juomē (see there for further descendants)