Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/twerḱ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*twerḱ-^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

to carve, cut off, trim

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *twerḱ- (2 c, 0 e)

*twr̥ḱ-é-ti (zero-grade thematic present)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twr̥ćáti
  - Proto-Iranian: *twr̥cáti
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 (frāθβər^əsaēta, “to cut”, 2pl.opt.act.)
*tworḱ-ó-s (“cutter, boar”)^[3]
- Proto-Celtic: *tworkos (“boar”)^[3]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twarćas
  - Proto-Iranian: *θwarcah
    - Avestan: 𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬋 (θβər^əsō, “piglet”)
*twr̥-n-ḱ-ó-s (nasal-infix)
- Proto-Italic: *trunkos
  - Latin: truncus (“a cut off piece; maimed”) (see there for further descendants)
*turḱ-s (s-stem)^[4]
- Proto-Celtic: *truxs (“slain, cut man”)^[3] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *súrks, *swə́rks
  - Ancient Greek: σύρξ (súrx), σάρξ (sárx, “piece of meat, body part”)
- Proto-Italic: *truks
  - Latin: trux (“wild, fierce, harsh”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *turḱ-s-os
  - Proto-Celtic: *truxsos (“a cut off piece”)^[3] (see there for further descendants)
*twérḱ-tōr
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twárštā (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*twerḱ- 'to cut out'”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 157
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*tu̯erk̑- 'schnitzen, zurechtschneiden'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 656
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*truk-, *truxso-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 391: “*trewk- 'cut'”
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “σάρξ, σαρκός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1309: “*turk̂- 'cut'”

[1] Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*twerḱ- 'to cut out'”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 157

[LIV-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*tu̯erk̑- 'schnitzen, zurechtschneiden'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 656

[Matasovic-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*truk-, *truxso-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 391: “*trewk- 'cut'”

[Beekes-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “σάρξ, σαρκός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1309: “*turk̂- 'cut'”

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