Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tergʷ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*tergʷ-^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

to scare, fear, be fierce

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *tergʷ- (1 c, 0 e)

*térgʷ-e-ti (present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárǰati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárȷ́ati
    - Sanskrit: तर्जति (tárjati)
*torgʷ-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tarǰáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tarȷ́áyati
    - Sanskrit: तर्जयति (tarjáyati)
*tórgʷ-o-s
- Proto-Italic: *torgʷos
  - Latin: torvus
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárgas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárgas
    - Dardic:
      - Phalura: takṛá
    - Prakrit:
      - ⇒ Central Indo-Aryan:
        Hindustani: तगड़ा / تگڑا (tagṛā)
      - Western Indo-Aryan:
        Gujarati: ત્રાગું n (trāgũ, “compulsion”)

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ταρβέω (tarbéō), τάρβος (tárbos)
Proto-Celtic: *targʷo-
- Welsh: tarfu

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1076
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 371
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τάρβος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1452
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “torvus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 625

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1076

[2] Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 371

[3] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τάρβος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1452

[4] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “torvus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 625

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