Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dóru

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Some argue that it is a deadjectival noun of *deru-, *drew- (“hard, firm, strong, solid”) with reflexes as Latin dūrus (“hard, rough”), Old English trum (“strong, firm”), Old Armenian տրամ (tram, “firm, solid”), and Ancient Greek δροόν (droón, “strong, mighty”).

Noun

*dóru n^[1]

tree

Inflection

Athematic, proterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*dóru
genitive	*dréws
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dóru	*dórwih₁	*dóruh₂
vocative	*dóru	*dórwih₁	*dóruh₂
accusative	*dóru	*dórwih₁	*dóruh₂
genitive	*dréws	*?	*dréwoHom
ablative	*dréws	*?	drúmos, drúbʰos
dative	*dréwey	*?	drúmos, drúbʰos
locative	dréw, dréwi	*?	*drúsu
instrumental	*drúh₁	*?	drúmis, drúbʰis

Descendants

Proto-Anatolian: *dṓru^[2]
- Hittite: 𒋫𒊒 (taru), 𒋫𒀀𒊒 (tāru)
- Luwian: 𒋫𒀀𒊒 (tāru)
Proto-Armenian:
- >? Old Armenian: տարր (tarr, “element, matter, substance”)^[3]^[4]
Proto-Hellenic: *dóru (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dā́ru (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Tocharian: *or^[5]
- Tocharian A: or (“wood”)
- Tocharian B: or (“wood”, sg.), ārwa (“firewood”, pl.)
Proto-Celtic: *daru (-a- from oblique *darw-) (see there for further descendants)

Derived terms

*dérw-i-s
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Luwian: [script needed] (tarwi(iya)-, “wooden beam”)
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: տորգ (torg, “*wooden framework; weaving, fabric, net”)
    - Armenian: տորգ (torg, “wooden framework”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dárwiš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dárwiṣ
    - Sanskrit: दर्वि (dárvi, “spoon”)
*derw-ó-m^[6]^[7]^[8]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dérwa (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *derwom (“firm; oak”)^[8]
  - Proto-Brythonic:
    - Old Breton: daeru
      - Middle Breton: deru, derw
        Breton: derv
    - Cornish: derow
    - Middle Welsh: derwen (sg.), derw (pl.)
      - Welsh: derw
  - Old Irish: derb (< *derwā) (see there for further descendants)
  - Gaulish: Dervo (toponym)
- Proto-Germanic: *terwą (“tar”) (see there for further descendants)
*dréw-o-m^[9]
- Proto-Germanic: *trewą (“tree”) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *trewwō (see there for further descendants)
*dréw-no-m
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dráwnam
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dráwnam
    - Sanskrit: द्रोण (dróṇa)
*druh₂ (collective)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: δρῦς (drûs, “tree, oak”) (see there for further descendants)
der-drew-o-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: δένδρεον (déndreon)
*druh₂-ó-m^[10]^[11]
- Proto-Albanian: *druwa
  - Albanian: dru (“wood, tree”)
*dru-kós^[12]
- >? Proto-Germanic: *trugaz (“trough”) (see there for further descendants)
*dru-mos^[13]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *drumas
  - Proto-Slavic: *drъmъ (“thicket”)
    - Bulgarian: дръ́мка (drǎ́mka)
    - Russian: дром (drom) (dial.)
    - Slovene: drmášča
- Proto-Germanic: *trumaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: δρυμός (drumós)
    - Greek: δρυμός (drymós)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: द्रुम (druma)
*dru-k-tó-m^[8]
- Proto-Celtic: *druxtom^[8]
  - Middle Irish: drochta (“tub, vessel”)
*dr̥w-eh₂ló-s
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Luwian: [script needed] (taruu̯al-, “mortar”)
  - Hittite: 𒄑𒋻𒉿𒀀𒇷 (taru̯āli-, “pestle(?)”)
  - → Old Armenian: տարգալ (targal)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian:
- >? Old Armenian: տոռն (toṙn, “pestle”)

References

^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “tāru-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 849
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “tarr”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 608–609
^ Viredaz, Rémy (2017) La dissimilation d'aperture vocalique en arménien (loi d'Olsen)‎^[2] (in French), Handout of a paper presented at the 11th International Congress on Armenian Linguistics, Yerevan, 2‒5 October, 2017, page 29, citing de Lamberterie
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*drъvo”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 122-123: “*deru-o-”
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*terwa/ōn-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 514: “*der-uo/eh₂-”
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “*derwo-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 96: “*derw-o-”
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*trewa-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 522: “*dréu-o-”
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*drъvo”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 122-123: “*dru(H)-o-”
^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “*daru-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 91: “*drw-os”
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*truka-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 523: “*dru-kós”
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*truma- 1”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[6], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 524: “*dru-mo-”

[1] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[2] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “tāru-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 849

[3] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “tarr”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 608–609

[4] Viredaz, Rémy (2017) La dissimilation d'aperture vocalique en arménien (loi d'Olsen)‎^[2] (in French), Handout of a paper presented at the 11th International Congress on Armenian Linguistics, Yerevan, 2‒5 October, 2017, page 29, citing de Lamberterie

[5] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN

[6] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*drъvo”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 122-123: “*deru-o-”

[7] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*terwa/ōn-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 514: “*der-uo/eh₂-”

[Delamarre-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “*derwo-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 96: “*derw-o-”

[9] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*trewa-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 522: “*dréu-o-”

[EDSIL-10] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*drъvo”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 122-123: “*dru(H)-o-”

[11] Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “*daru-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 91: “*drw-os”

[12] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*truka-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 523: “*dru-kós”

[13] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*truma- 1”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[6], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 524: “*dru-mo-”

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