Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/terwą

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *derwom, derived from Proto-Indo-European *dóru. Related to Lithuanian derva (“resin, tar”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈter.wɑ̃/

Noun

*terwą n

1. tar

Inflection

neuter a-stemDeclension of *terwą (neuter a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*terwą	*terwō
vocative	*terwą	*terwō
accusative	*terwą	*terwō
genitive	*terwas, *tirwis	*terwǫ̂
dative	*terwai	*terwamaz
instrumental	*terwō	*terwamiz

Derived terms

• *tirwiją

Related terms

• *terwaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *teru
  • Old English: teoru
    • Middle English: ter, terr, tarr
      • English: tar
      • Scots: terr, ter, tar
  • Old Frisian: tere
    • North Frisian: tjär
    • Saterland Frisian: Taar
    • West Frisian: tarre, tar
  • Old Saxon: *tero
    • Middle Low German: tēre, tēr
      • → German: Teer
      • → Rhine Franconian: Zeer (northern Hessian; likely borrowed and adapted)
  • Old Dutch: *tero
    • Middle Dutch: terre, teer, tar
      • Dutch: teer
        • Afrikaans: teer
• Old Norse: tjara (replacing *tjǫrva < *terwǭ)
  • Danish: tjære
  • Faroese: tjøra
  • Icelandic: tjara
  • Norwegian Bokmål: tjære
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: tjære
  • Old Swedish: tiæra
    • Swedish: tjära
• → Proto-Finnic: *tërva
• → Proto-Samic: *tërvē

References

• Guus Kroonen (2013) Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 514