Reconstruction:Proto-Hmong-Mien/klɛɔŋ

This Proto-Hmong-Mien entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Hmong-Mien

Alternative reconstructions

Ostapirat (2016)^[1] reconstructs *kr- as the initial.

Etymology

Areal word; compare Proto-Austroasiatic *krɨŋ (“horn”)^[2] (Sidwell, 2024), as well as Old Chinese 角 (OC *kroːɡ, *ɡ·roːɡ, “horn”).^[3]

Benedict (1987) suggests a Tibeto-Burman origin. He reconstructs *krɔŋᴬ for "Donor-Miao-Yao" (the Tibeto-Burman language that was the source of the Proto-Hmong-Mien word).^[4]

Noun

*klɛɔŋ

horn (of animal)

Descendants

Hmongic
- Pa Hng
  - Pa Hng - Gundong 滚董: qaŋ³⁵ŋ̩³³
  - Hm Nai - Mao'ao 毛坳: qaŋ³⁵ŋ̩³³
- North Hmongic
  - West Xiangxi (Xong) - Layiping 腊乙坪: qo³⁵ɕe³⁵
  - East Xiangxi (Suang) - Xiaozhang 小章: ki⁰³ki⁵³ȵ̩³¹
- East Hmongic
  - North Qiandong - Yanghao 养蒿: ki³³
  - East Qiandong - Caidiwan 菜地湾: ki²⁴
  - South Qiandong - Yaogao 尧告: ko¹³
  - West Qiandong (Raojia) - Heba 河坝: ki⁴⁴
- Sheic
  - Younuo 优诺: ŋu¹³ku⁴⁴
  - Jiongnai - Longhua 龙华: ŋjo³³kjaŋ⁴⁴
  - Bana 巴那: kjon¹³ŋ̩³¹³
  - She - Xiashuicun 下水村: jɔ³¹kjaŋ²²
- West Hmongic
  - Bunu
    - Dongnu - Qibainong 七百弄: kjoŋ³³vɔ²³¹
    - Nunu - Xishan 西山: koŋ³³vo⁴⁴
    - Numao - Yaolu 瑶麓: tɕʰou¹³kuŋ³³
  - Core
    - East Luobuohe (Xijia) - Shibanqiao 石板寨: tə⁰²kaŋ³¹
    - West Luobuohe - Gaozhai 高寨: tə⁰²kɑŋ³¹
    - Huishui - Gaopo 高坡: kə̃²⁴
    - Mashan - Zongdi 宗地: koŋ³²ŋu⁵³
    - A-Hmao - Shimenpo 石门坡: ku⁵⁵ȵɦu³⁵
    - Chuanqiandian - Dananshan 大南山: ko⁴³
      - White Hmong: kub
Mienic
- Mien
  - Guangdian (Jiangdi): ŋoŋ³¹tɕoːŋ³³
  - Xiangnan (Miaoziyuan): ŋuŋ³¹kɔŋ³³
- Kim Mun
  - Diangui (Liangzi): ŋɔŋ³³kjaŋ³⁵
  - Fanghai (Tansan): ŋɔːŋ³³kjɔːŋ³⁵
- Biao Mon
  - Changping: ŋoŋ³¹kjoːŋ³³
  - Luoxiang: ŋoŋ³¹kɔŋ³³
- Biao Min
  - Dongshan: ȵuŋ³¹klɔ³³
  - Shikou: ŋɔŋ⁵⁵kloŋ¹³
  - Niuweizhai: ŋɔŋ⁵³kɣɔ³³
- Dzao Min (Daping): ŋ̩⁵³kɔu⁴⁴

References

^ Ostapirat, Weera (2016) “Issues in the Reconstruction and Affiliation of Proto-Miao-Yao”, in Language and Linguistics‎^[1], volume 17, number 1, →DOI, pages 133–145
^ Ostapirat, Weera (2018) “Macrophyletic Trees of East Asian Languages Re examined”, in Kikusawa, Ritsuko, Reid, Lawrence A., editors, Let's Talk about Trees (Senri Ethnological Studies), Osaka: Minpaku, →DOI
^ Ratliff, Martha (2010) Hmong-Mien language history (Studies in Language Change; 8), Camberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics, →ISBN, pages 91-2.
^ Benedict, Paul K. (1987) “Early MY/TB loan relationships”, in Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area‎^[2], volume 10, number 2, pages 12-21.

Chen, Qiguang (陈其光) (2013) Miao Yao yuwen (苗瑶语文), Beijing: Minzu chubanshe (民族出版社), →ISBN
Mao, Zongwu (毛宗武) (2004) Yaozu Mianyu fangyan yanjiu (瑤族勉语方言研究), Beijing: Minzu chubanshe (民族出版社)

[1] Ostapirat, Weera (2016) “Issues in the Reconstruction and Affiliation of Proto-Miao-Yao”, in Language and Linguistics‎^[1], volume 17, number 1, →DOI, pages 133–145

[Ostapirat_2018-2] Ostapirat, Weera (2018) “Macrophyletic Trees of East Asian Languages Re examined”, in Kikusawa, Ritsuko, Reid, Lawrence A., editors, Let's Talk about Trees (Senri Ethnological Studies), Osaka: Minpaku, →DOI

[3] Ratliff, Martha (2010) Hmong-Mien language history (Studies in Language Change; 8), Camberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics, →ISBN, pages 91-2.

[Benedict_1987-4] Benedict, Paul K. (1987) “Early MY/TB loan relationships”, in Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area‎^[2], volume 10, number 2, pages 12-21.

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