Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swerkaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *swerg-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈswer.kɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*swerkaną

1. to darken, be obscured

Inflection

Conjugation of *swerkaną (strong class 3)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*swerkō	*swerkaų	—	*swerkai	?
2nd singular	*swirkizi	*swerkaiz	*swerk	*swerkazai	*swerkaizau
3rd singular	*swirkidi	*swerkai	*swerkadau	*swerkadai	*swerkaidau
1st dual	*swerkōz	*swerkaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*swerkadiz	*swerkaidiz	*swerkadiz	—	—
1st plural	*swerkamaz	*swerkaim	—	*swerkandai	*swerkaindau
2nd plural	*swirkid	*swerkaid	*swirkid	*swerkandai	*swerkaindau
3rd plural	*swerkandi	*swerkain	*swerkandau	*swerkandai	*swerkaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*swark	*swurkį̄
2nd singular	*swarht	*swurkīz
3rd singular	*swark	*swurkī
1st dual	*swurkū	*swurkīw
2nd dual	*swurkudiz	*swurkīdiz
1st plural	*swurkum	*swurkīm
2nd plural	*swurkud	*swurkīd
3rd plural	*swurkun	*swurkīn
	present	past
participles	*swerkandz	*swurkanaz

Related terms

• *swarkōną
• *swerką/*gaswerką

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *swerkan
  • Old English: sweorcan
    • Middle English: *swerken, swærken; swurken (ppl)
  • Old Frisian: swerka
  • Old Saxon: swerkan
    • Middle Low German: swerken
      • Low German: swerken, schwerken
  • Old Dutch: *swerkan
    • Middle Dutch: swerken
  • Old High German: swerchan