Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sundraz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *sn̥Htros, from *senH- (“apart, without, for oneself”); whether a relation to *sem- (“one”) exists is unclear. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?) Cognate with Sanskrit सनितुर् (sanitúr), Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬭𐬆 (hanar^ə), and possibly Proto-Celtic *santeros (“half”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsun.drɑz/

Adjective

*sundraz

1. separate, isolated, alone

Inflection

Declension of *sundraz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*sundraz	*sundrai	*sundrō	*sundrôz	*sundrą, -atō	*sundrō
Accusative	*sundranǭ	*sundranz	*sundrǭ	*sundrōz	*sundrą, -atō	*sundrō
Genitive	*sundras, -is	*sundraizǫ̂	*sundraizōz	*sundraizǫ̂	*sundras, -is	*sundraizǫ̂
Dative	*sundrammai	*sundraimaz	*sundraizōi	*sundraimaz	*sundrammai	*sundraimaz
Instrumental	*sundranō	*sundraimiz	*sundraizō	*sundraimiz	*sundranō	*sundraimiz
Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*sundrô	*sundraniz	*sundrǭ	*sundrōniz	*sundrô	*sundrōnō
Accusative	*sundranų	*sundranunz	*sundrōnų	*sundrōnunz	*sundrô	*sundrōnō
Genitive	*sundriniz	*sundranǫ̂	*sundrōniz	*sundrōnǫ̂	*sundriniz	*sundranǫ̂
Dative	*sundrini	*sundrammaz	*sundrōni	*sundrōmaz	*sundrini	*sundrammaz
Instrumental	*sundrinē	*sundrammiz	*sundrōnē	*sundrōmiz	*sundrinē	*sundrammiz

Derived terms

• *sunder
• *sundrijaną
• *sundrô
• *sundrōną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *sundr
  • Old English: sundor, sunder, synder
    • Middle English: sunder
      • English: sunder
      • Scots: sinder
  • Old Frisian: sunder
    • Saterland Frisian: sunder, sunner
    • West Frisian: sûnder
  • Old Saxon: sundar
    • Middle Low German: sunder, sonder
  • Old Dutch: sunder
    • Middle Dutch: sonder
      • Dutch: zonder
        • Afrikaans: sonder
        • Berbice Creole Dutch: sondro
        • Jersey Dutch: zonder
        • Negerhollands: sonder, sondu
        • → Aukan: sondee
        • → Caribbean Javanese: sonder
        • → Malay: sonder
        • → Indonesian: sonder, zonder
        • → Saramaccan: sondò
        • → Sranan Tongo: sondro
      • Limburgish: zónger
  • Old High German: suntar
    • Middle High German: sunder
      • ⇒ German: sondern, sonder-
• Old Norse: sundr
  • Icelandic: sundur
  • Faroese: sundur
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: sund, sunder
  • Old Swedish: sunder, synder
    • Swedish: sönder
  • Danish: sønder
    • Norwegian Bokmål: sund, sønder
• Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 (sundrō)