Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/starkuz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

• *starkaz

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *storg-o-s, an o-grade adjective derived from a root *sterg- (“to harden, be rigid, stiff”), and cognate with Lithuanian strė́gti (“to harden, congeal, freeze”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈstɑr.kuz/

Adjective

*starkuz

1. stiff; rigid
2. strong

Inflection

Declension of *starkuz (u-stem)

strong declension
	masculine		feminine		neuter
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
nominative	*starkuz	*starkijai	*starkī	*starkijôz	*starkų, *-jatō	*starkijō
accusative	*starkijanǭ	*starkijanz	*starkijǭ	*starkijōz	*starkų, *-jatō	*starkijō
genitive	*starkijas, *starkīs	*starkijaizǫ̂	*starkijaizōz	*starkijaizǫ̂	*starkijas, *starkīs	*starkijaizǫ̂
dative	*starkijammai	*starkijaimaz	*starkijaizōi	*starkijaimaz	*starkijammai	*starkijaimaz
instrumental	*starkijanō	*starkijaimiz	*starkijaizō	*starkijaimiz	*starkijanō	*starkijaimiz
weak declension
	masculine		feminine		neuter
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
nominative	*starkijô	*starkijaniz	*starkijǭ	*starkijōniz	*starkijô	*starkijōnō
accusative	*starkijanų	*starkijanunz	*starkijōnų	*starkijōnunz	*starkijô	*starkijōnō
genitive	*starkīniz	*starkijanǫ̂	*starkijōniz	*starkijōnǫ̂	*starkīniz	*starkijanǫ̂
dative	*starkīni	*starkijammaz	*starkijōni	*starkijōmaz	*starkīni	*starkijammaz
instrumental	*starkīnē	*starkijammiz	*starkijōnē	*starkijōmiz	*starkīnē	*starkijammiz

Derived terms

• *sturknaną

Related terms

• *sterkaną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *stark
  • Old English: starc, stearc, *stierc
    • Middle English: stark, sterk
      • Scots: stark, sterk
      • English: stark
  • Old Frisian: sterk, stark, steric
    • Saterland Frisian: stäärk
    • West Frisian: sterk, sturk
  • Old Saxon: stark, *sterk
    • Middle Low German: stark, sterk
      • Low German: sterk
      • Plautdietsch: stoakj
  • Old Dutch: stark, *sterk
    • Middle Dutch: starc, sterc
      • Dutch: sterk
        • Afrikaans: sterk
      • Limburgish: stèrk
  • Old High German: starah, starch, starc, stark
    • Middle High German: starc
      • German: stark
      • Luxembourgish: staark
      • Yiddish: שטאַרק (shtark)
• Old Norse: starkr, sterkr
  • Icelandic: sterkur
  • Faroese: sterkur
  • Norn: stark
  • Norwegian:
    • Norwegian Bokmål: sterk
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: sterk
  • Old Swedish: starker
    • Swedish: stark
  • Danish: stærk
  • Elfdalian: stark
  • Gutnish: starkar, starkur