Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/spilþijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *spelþą (“spoil, ruin”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈspil.θi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*spilþijaną

1. to spoil, ruin
2. to kill, murder

Inflection

Conjugation of *spilþijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*spilþijō	*spilþijaų	—	*spilþijai	?
2nd singular	*spilþīsi	*spilþijais	*spilþī	*spilþijasai	*spilþijaisau
3rd singular	*spilþīþi	*spilþijai	*spilþijaþau	*spilþijaþai	*spilþijaiþau
1st dual	*spilþijōs	*spilþijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*spilþijaþiz	*spilþijaiþiz	*spilþijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*spilþijamaz	*spilþijaim	—	*spilþijanþai	*spilþijainþau
2nd plural	*spilþīþ	*spilþijaiþ	*spilþīþ	*spilþijanþai	*spilþijainþau
3rd plural	*spilþijanþi	*spilþijain	*spilþijanþau	*spilþijanþai	*spilþijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*spilþidǭ	*spilþidēdį̄
2nd singular	*spilþidēz	*spilþidēdīz
3rd singular	*spilþidē	*spilþidēdī
1st dual	*spilþidēdū	*spilþidēdīw
2nd dual	*spilþidēdudiz	*spilþidēdīdiz
1st plural	*spilþidēdum	*spilþidēdīm
2nd plural	*spilþidēdud	*spilþidēdīd
3rd plural	*spilþidēdun	*spilþidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*spilþijandz	*spilþidaz

Alternative reconstructions

• *spillijaną

Related terms

• *spelþōną
• *spilþiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *spilþijan, *spillijan
  • Old English: spillan, spildan
    • Middle English: spillen, spylle, spille, spyl, spil, spyll, spill, spilden, spyllyn
      • English: spill
      • Scots: spill
  • Old Frisian: *spilla
    • ⇒ Saterland Frisian: ferspille
  • Old Saxon: spildian
    • Middle Low German: spilden, spillen
      • German Low German: spillen
  • Old Dutch: *spilden
    • Middle Dutch: spilden, spillen
      • Dutch: spillen
        • Afrikaans: spil
  • Old High German: spilden
    • Middle High German: spilden, spillen
      • Bavarian: spillen
      • ⇒ Middle High German: spildec
        • ⇒ German: kostspielig
• Old Norse: spilla
  • Icelandic: spilla
  • Faroese: spilla
  • Norwegian: spille
  • Old Swedish: spilla
    • Swedish: spilla
  • Danish: spilde