Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skiftijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From earlier *skiptijaną, from yet earlier *skipatjaną, from a formation related to *skipōną (“to arrange”) + *-atjaną (“verbal suffix”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈskiɸ.ti.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*skiftijaną

1. to divide, part, share
2. to put in order, organize, arrange

Inflection

Conjugation of *skiftijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*skiftijō	*skiftijaų	—	*skiftijai	?
2nd singular	*skiftīsi	*skiftijais	*skiftī	*skiftijasai	*skiftijaisau
3rd singular	*skiftīþi	*skiftijai	*skiftijaþau	*skiftijaþai	*skiftijaiþau
1st dual	*skiftijōs	*skiftijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*skiftijaþiz	*skiftijaiþiz	*skiftijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*skiftijamaz	*skiftijaim	—	*skiftijanþai	*skiftijainþau
2nd plural	*skiftīþ	*skiftijaiþ	*skiftīþ	*skiftijanþai	*skiftijainþau
3rd plural	*skiftijanþi	*skiftijain	*skiftijanþau	*skiftijanþai	*skiftijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*skiftidǭ	*skiftidēdį̄
2nd singular	*skiftidēz	*skiftidēdīz
3rd singular	*skiftidē	*skiftidēdī
1st dual	*skiftidēdū	*skiftidēdīw
2nd dual	*skiftidēdudiz	*skiftidēdīdiz
1st plural	*skiftidēdum	*skiftidēdīm
2nd plural	*skiftidēdud	*skiftidēdīd
3rd plural	*skiftidēdun	*skiftidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*skiftijandz	*skiftidaz

Related terms

• *skipōną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *skiftijan
  • Old English: sċiftan, *sċieftan, sċyftan
    • Middle English: schiften
      • Scots: schift, shift
      • English: shift
        • → Vietnamese: quần chíp
  • Old Frisian: skifta, skiffa
    • ⇒ Saterland Frisian: skiftje
    • West Frisian: skifte, skiftsje
  • Old Saxon: *skiftian
    • Middle Low German: schiften, schichten
      • German Low German: schichten
      • → Middle High German: schihten (northern)
        • German: schichten
          • → Luxembourgish: schichten
  • Old Dutch: *skiften
    • Middle Dutch: sciften, scichten, schiften, schiffen, schichten
      • Dutch: schiften
  • Old High German: *skiften
    • >? Middle High German: schiften
• Old Norse: skipta
  • Icelandic: skipta, skifta
  • Norwegian: skifte
  • Old Swedish: skipta
    • Swedish: skifta
  • Danish: skifte
  • → Scots: skift